BOYaZIDI I Yildirim

BOYaZIDI I Yildirim (taqriban 1347-8.3.1403), sultoni turk (1389-1402) az sulolai Usmoniyon. Siyosati istilogaronai guzashtagonashro davom doda, bo lashkarkashiho Ser­biya (1389), Bulgoriya, Makedoniya, Bosniya, Fessaliya, Majoristonro (1393-96) tobe namud. Boyazidi I mavqeashro dar nimjazirai Balkan mustahkam karda, Rumro zabt namud va lashkarash Konstantinopolro ba muhosira girift. Shohi Majoriston Sigizmund jabhai mushtarake az bavarho, burgundho, faronsaviho va ritsarhoi polyak sozmon do­da, alayhi Boyazidi I jangi salibi elon namud, vale dar muhoribai nazdikii Nikopol (1396) shikast khurd. Lashkari Boyazidi I solhoi 1394-1401 shahri Konstantinopolro muhosira namu­da, amironi Anatoliyaro purra zeri tasarrufi khud darovardand. Khatari taskhir va tobeiyati komili tamomi Avrupo az jonibi turkhoi usmoni padid omada, davlathoi in qita baroi jilavgiri az on tadbir mejustand. In paykorhoi istilogarona ba ahdi saltanati Te­mur rost omad, ki Sharqi Miyona va shimoli Hindro zeri itoatash darovarda bud. Shohi Kastiliyavu Leon Genrikhi III de Trastamar (1390-1407) badi qabuli hayati saforati temuri dar Samarqand saforatkhona kushoda, Temurro zid­di Boyazidi I shurond. Temur, ki qablan baroi jang bahona mejust, az Boyazidi I khost Ahmadi Jaloir va Qaroyusufi Turkmanro, ki badi shikast nazdi Boyazidi I panoh meburdand, taslim kunad. In darkhosti u qabul nashud va fazo baroi jang musoid gardid. Amir Temur pas az fathi movaroi Qafqoz va sarhaddoti sharqii Osiyoi Sagir ba Boyazidi I noma firistoda, az piruzihoyash khudsitoi va peshnihodi taslim shudan kard. Boyazidi I dar posukhi nomai Temur piruziashro bar sulolai Muzaffariyoni tojiktabori Sheroz kam zada, sheri tahqiromeze firistod, ki onro Mavlono Shomi dar «Zafarnoma» chunin ovardaast:

Furuzodagoni Muzaffar chiand?

Zi nasli kadomu najodi kiand?

Du-se sust tojiki nokardakor,

Az eshon chi oyad gahi korzor?

Temur muqobili Boyazidi I lashkar kashida, dar muhoribai naz­di Anqara (1402) neruhoi uro shikast dod. Boyazidi I va pisaronash ba asorat aftodand. Temur Boyazidi I-ro dar qafasi ohanin andokhta, har jo hamrohi khud meburd. Boyazidi I ba in tahqir toqat nakarda, dar nazdikii Oqshahr zahr khurda favtid.

H. Kamol.