Litva

LITVA (Lietuva), – jumhuriest, ki masohatash 65,2 hazor kilometri murabba. Aholiash 2,8 million nafar (2017 s). Dar sharqi ittihodi avrupo joygir meboshad va dar sohili bahri Baltika voqe ast. Dar shimol bo Latviya, dar Shimol va Janub bo Belorusiya, dar janub va garb bo Polsha va viloyati Kaliningradi Russiya hamsarhad ast. Az Garb onro bahri Baltika ihota kardaast. Ba 44 rayoni mamuri taqsim shuda, 92 shahr va 22 jamoatho dorad. Poytakhtash — sh. Vilnyus (450 hazor nafar aholiash).Litva davlati demokarti az soli 1991 meboshad.

Tabiat. Masohati Litva dar qismi garbii hamvorni Evropai Sharqi voqe ast. Pastkhamii Primoril qad-qadi sohili bahri Baltika tul kashidaast. Balandii Jemayti teppador (nuqtai balandii 234 metr) az sharqtari on cap shuda, nishebii sharqiash bo pastkhamii Litvai Miyona, ki qismi markazii masohat. respublikaro ishgol kardaast, payvast meshavad. Qismi janub va Shahr masohati Litvaro tepley Baltika (balandii 284 metr) ishgol namudaast. Relefi respublika asosan dar pleystosen az morenayu tahshinhoi piryakhi tashkil yoftaast. Iqlimash bahriyu kontinenti. Harorati miyonai solona 6° S., harororati miyonai mohi yanvari -4,8° S, iyul 1/2 daraja S. Borishoti solona 630 milimetr ast. Litva dar mintaqai zaminhoi sernam voqe ast. Litva 800 daryo va 2514 kul dorad. Az obanborhoi suni kalontarinash Kaunas (6 350 gektar). Az sarvathoi zerizamini torf, masolehi binokori (angidrit, dolomit, gil, shagal, per va g.) ahamiyati sanoati dorand.

Dar hududi Litva zaminhoi khokistari beshtarand. Olami nabototash misli mintaqai beshahoi omekhta ast. 26,4%-k tamomi terr-ro besha (qaragay— 41,7%, archa — 19,7%, tus — 17,5%) va 7,6%-ro margzorho ishgol kardaand. Olami hayvonotash ba mintaqai paleoarktikii garbi monand ast.

Aholi. Qismi ziyodi aholi — litvoniho (80%), inchunin rusho (8,9%), polyakho (7,3%), belorusho (1,7%), yahudiho va millathoi digar zindagi mekunand. Aholii shahr 61%. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km. murabba 48 nafar ast. Shahrhoi kalontarin (ba hisobn hazor nafar): Vilnyus (451), Kaunas (350), Klaypeda (160), Shyaulyai (102), Panevejis (100).

Ocherki tarikhi. Inson dar masohat. hozirai Litva hanuz dar hazorahoi 9—3 to melod maskun shuda bud. Az okhiri hazorai 3 to melod dar tamomi masohat. Litva ajdodoni qabilahoi sokini sohili Baltika, ki bo chorvodoriyu ziroat mashgul budand, sokin shudand. Mahalhoi muqimi dar asri birinji (16—6 to melod) ba vujud omadand. Ziroat dar avvalhoi melod kasbu kori asosii aholi gardid. Dar asrhoi avvali mlodi dar masohat. Litva qabilahoi kalonu jamoahoi qabilavi— jemaytho, aukshtaytho, yatvyagho tashakkul yoftand. Asrhoi 5—6 munosibathoi avlodi ba obshinagi tabdil yoft va dar dokhili obshinaho tafovuthoi sinfi ba amal omad. Dar asrhoi 9—12 munosibathoi feodali tashakkul yofta, ittihodiyahoi masohati davlatmonand paydo shudand va shaklgirii khalqiyati litvoniho ogoz yoft. Litva va litvoniho bori avval dar makhazhoi khattii soli 1009 vomekhurad. Taqriban soli 1236 knyaz Mindaugas zaminhoi Litvaro ba davlati feodali muttahid kard. In davlat to soli 1795 Knyazii Kabiri Litva nomida meshud. Asrhoi 14—15 ba hayati on tamomi zaminhoi Belorussiya, qismi ziyodi Ukraina va qisme az zaminhoi Rus dokhil meshudand. Dar ahdi knyaz Algirdas (1345—77) va Vitautas (1392—1430) ba Litva zaminhoi bayni Dnepru Dnestr to bahri Siyoh inchunin Smolensk, Vyazma va viloyat boloobi Oka hamroh shudand, Knyazii Kabiri Litva (KKL) az ibtidoi mavjudiyati khud bar zidditajovuzi feodalhoi nemis ki asri 13 dar Pribaltika ordeni Livonu ordeni Tevtonro tasis karda, bo bahonai jori namudani dini nasroi zaminhoi Baltikaro zeri tasarrufi khud darovardani budand. muboriza burd. Tevtonhoro feodalhoi Evropai garbi va papai Rim dastgiri kardand. Litva dar muborizai ziddi tevtonho az mamlakathoi slavyanii hamsoya ittifoqchi mejust) Soli 1385 KKL bo Polsha ittifoq bast va dini katolikiro chun dini davlati qabul kard (1387 va 1413).

Quvvahoya muttahidai Polsheyu KKL soli 1410 dar muhoribai Gryunvald ba ordeni Tevton zarbai sakht zadand, Vale qisme az zaminhoi Litva dar ikhtiyori mustamlikadoroni nemis mond. Taraqqiyoti nomuntazami ijtimoiyu iqtisodi, az jihati etniki yak rang nabudani aholi boisi nisbatan sust shudani KKL gardid. In susti makhsusan dar janghoi Litva bo davlati navbunyodi markazonidashudai Rus baroi zaminhoi slavyanho baralo zohir gardid. Manfiathoi sinfii feodalhoi Litva ba sulhi Lyublini soli 1569 ovarda rasond, ki muvofiqi on Litva va Polsha ba yak davlat — Rech Pospolita muttahid gashtand. KKL masohat., molii, qushun va rohbariyati harbi, mamuriyat, sud va digar idorayu muassisahoi davlatiro nigoh doshta boshad ham, istiqloliyatash khele mahdud shud. Ba tufayli islohoti zamini asri 16 zamindorii barshinagi va krepostnoyshavii dehqonon ba kulli voqei gardid. Statuthoi (qarorhoi) solhoi 1529, 1566, 1588-i KKL zamindorii shartiyu merosiro barobar kardand. Asrhoi 14— 16 hunarmandi (istehsoli safolot, oina, kogaz, inchunin masnuoti zargari), savdo, madaniyat va sanati khalqi Litva khele rivoj yoft. Qasrhoi kaloni muhtashami Vilnyus, Trakay, Kaunas sokhta shudand.

Rech Pospolita dar natijai janghoi miyonai asri 17 bo Shvesiyayu Moskva ba tanazauli khojagiyu siyosi ru ovard. Dar dokhili davlat bayni guruhhoi alohidai feodalho muboriza meraft. Davlathoi hamsoya — Rossiya, Prussiya va Avstriya az in istifoda burda, Rech Pospolitaro bayni khud taqsim kardand (s. 1772, 1793 va purra 1795 —badi pakhsh shudani shurishi ozodikhohii Polsha bo rohbarii T. Kostyushko). Qismi ziyodi Litva (gayr az zaminhoi sohili chapi daryoi Nyamunas to soli 1815) soli 1795 ba Rossiya hamroh shuda, to Jangi yakumi jahoni asri hukmronii on mond. Ba Rossiya hamrohshavii Litva ba taraqqiyoti munosibathoi kapitalisti musoidat kard. Litva ba bozori umumirossiya kashida shud. Mustahkam shudani ravobiti khalqhoi rusu litvoi baroi ba harakati revolyutsionin Rossiya hamroh shudani mehnatkashoni Litva yori rasond. Zulmi krepostnoi, siyosati irtijoii hukumatdoroni podshohi, poymol kardani huquqhoi odditarini khalqho (az jumla khalqi Litva) solhoi 1831 va 1863 ba shurishhoi ziddi hukumati podshohi ovarda rasondand.

Badi bekor karda shudani huquqi krepostnoi (1861) taraqqiyoti kapitalizm va tashakkuli millati litvoi bo boloravii harakati milliyu ozodikhohi payvasta jarayon yoft. Solhoi 80-um dar Litva marksizm pahn shud, solhoi 90-um harakati ommavii korgaron rivoj yofta, tashkilothoi sotsial-demokratii Litva tashkil yofta, ba du jarayon: revolyutsionii marksisti va opportunisti judo shud. Korpartoihoi ommavii siyosii avgust., oktyabr., dekabri 1905 va tayyori ba shurishi yaroqnoki dekabri 1905 dar Litva az voqeahoi asosii revolyutsiyai 1905—07 budand. Soli 1915 qushunhoi Germaniya qarib tamomi masohati Litvapo ishgol namudand, 300 000 nafar aholi ba rayonhoi durdasti Rossiya evakuatsiya karda shud.

Kharitai Litva 

Revolyutyai Oktyabri 1917 baroi khalqi Litva perspektivahoi ozodii ijtimoi va milliro muhayyo namud. Zeri tasiri voqeahoi inqilobii Rossiya, ki dar onho korgaroni litvonii dar Rossiya buda ham ishtirok doshtand. dar Litva muborizai ziddi istilogaroni nemis va burjuaziya avj girift.

Sanai 16 dekabri 1918 dar Litva Hokimiyati Soveti elon shud, ki ba on yake az asosguzoroni Partiyai Kommunistii Litva (PKL) V. Miskyavichyus-Kapsukas rohbari kard. 22 dekabri 1918 SKKh Rossiyai Soveti dekreti imzo namudan V. I. Leninro dar khususi etirofi istiqloliyati RSS Litva tasdiq kard. Dekabri 1918 — yanvari 1919 dar qismi ziyodi masohat. Litva Hokimiyati Soveti barpo shud. Ammo burjuaziyai Litva bo yorii quvvahoi aksulinqidlobii Evropai Garbi Hokimiyati Sovetiro dar Litva barham dod va soli 1919 diktaturai khudro barqaror kard. Iqtisodiyotu siyosati Litva dar solhoi hokimiyati burjuazi (1919—40) tobei mamlakathoi kapitalistii Garb bud. Iqtisodiyotash kharakteri agrari dosht, sanoatash sust taraqqi mekard. Soli 1920 Polsha Vilnyus va kishvari Vilnyusro zabt kard, muvaqqatan Kaunas poytakhti Litva shud. Soli 1923 sh. Klaypeda va viloyati Klaypeda ba Litva hamroh gardid. Badtar, soli 1939 Germaniyai gitleri in sarzaminro boz zabt kard. Ammo soli 1939 Armiyai Surkh shahru kishvari Vilnyusro ozod karda ba Litva bargardond. Iyuni 1940 dikta-turoi burjuaziya sarnagun va dar Litva Hokimiyati Soveti barqaror karda shud. Sanai 3 avgusti 1940 Soveti Olii SSSR khohishi sebmi khalqii Litvaro ba nazar girifta, onro ba hayati Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti qabul kard. Khalqi Litva yakjoya bo tamomi khalqhoi digari soveti ba muqobili fashistoni istilogar qahramonona muboriza burd.

Dar davrai badi jang bo yorii barodaronai respublikahoi barodari soveti dar Litva oqibathoi dakhshatangezi jangu istiloi fashiston barham doda shudand.

Ba tufayli aznavsozihoi iqtisodiyu madani dar Litva asoshoi sotsializm barpo gardid. Dar solhoi jang dar sokhtmonn sotsialisti sohahoi navi sanoat ba vujud omadand. Soli 1975 hajmi umumii mahsuloti on nisbat ba soli 1940 – um 47 barobar afzud. Xojagii qishloq taraqqi kard (soli 1972 nisbat ba soli 1940 hajmi umumii mahsuloti sanoati 37, khojagii qishloq 2,7 barobar afzud). Darajai nekuahvolii khalq baland gardid. Dar dahsolahoi badijangi revolyutsiyai madani ba amal omad, ravniyai malumoti umumii aholi baland shud. Kadrhoi ikhtisosnoki millii sinfi korgar, ziyoiyoni khalqi ba voya rasidand. Ilmu madaniyat nashunamo kard. Dar respublika sotsializm sokhta shud. Khalqi Litva ba millati yagonai sotsialisi tabdil yoft. Khalqi Litva dar sharoiti jamiyati sotsializmi mutaraqqi yakjoya bo digar khalqhoi ittihodi shuravi mehnat karda, asoshoi jamiyati kommunistiro barpo menamoyad. Taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyotu madaniyati Litva bo robitahoi harjonibai on bo respublikahoi digar soveti aloqamand meboshad.

Litva bo ordenhoi Lenin (1965), Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr (1980), Dustii Khalqho (1972) mukofotonida shudaast.

Dar natjai poshkhurii Ittihodi shuravi  va jushbishu shurishi ozodikhohi Sayudisi az avvali soli 1988-um Jumhuri  Litva mustaqiliyatro sanai 6-umi sentyabri soli 1991 sohib gasht. 17-umi sentyabr ba uzvi Sozmoni Millali Muttahid shomil shud.

Bo maqsadi rushdi iqtisodivu kam namudani tasiri Russiya, Jumhurii Litva az soli 2001 ba uzvi Tashkiloti Baynalhalqii Savdo va az 29-umi marti soli 2004 ba uzvi NATO (NATO), inchunin ba uzvi Ittihodi Avrupo az 1-umi yanvari soli 2015 hamroh shud.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Litva soli 1940 –um 77 kasalkhonai doroi 8888 kat (ba har 10 hazor nafar aholi 30 kat dosht. Ammo dar okhiri soli 1974 dar Litva 239 kasalkhonai doroi 35 450 kat (107,8 kat ba har 10 hazor aholi), 414 ambulatoriya va poliklinika, 22 dispanser, 10827 dukhtur (32,9 dukhtur ba khar 10 hazor nafar aholi), 29280 nafar kormandoni miyonai tib, 4 Instituti tibbii tadqiqotiyu ilmi, Instituti tibbii Kaunas va fakulteti tibbii universiteti Vilnyus kor mekardand. Ba 1 hazor nafar aholi 15,9 nafar tavallud va 9,0 nafar favt rost meomad. Afzoishi tabiii aholi — 6,9%. Jumhuri doroi 62 sanatoriyayu khonahoi istirohati va bisyor kurortho meboshad. Dukhturoni Litva dar sohahoi kardiologiya, gastrologiya va revmotologiya muvaffaqqiyathoi kalon ba dast ovardaand.

Maorifi khalq. Muassisahoi madaniyu marifati va ilmi soli tahsili 1939/40 dar Litva gayr az Klaypodayu kishvari on 2815 maktab, az jumla 69 gimnaziya va 27 maktabi tayyori ba gimnaziya vujud dosht, ki dar on 358,9 hazor khondnda (az jumla 23,8 hazor dar gimnaziya va 2,8 hazor dar maktabhoi tayyori ba gimnaziya) tahsil mekard. Dar 7 maktabi oli 4 hazor student mekhond. 13^%-i aholii az 14 to 50-sola besavod va chalasavod bud. Dar solhoi shuravi shumorai maktabho va khonandagon afzud, besavodi barham khurd. Soli 1974 –um 904 muassisai tomaktabii bachagona (112,1 hazor bachagon) vujud dosht. Soli tahsili 2015-um 2790 maktabi malumoti umumi (az jumla 530 maktabi yozdahsola va 714 hashtsola) mavjud bud, ki dar on 610,9 hazor nafar khonanda tahsil mekard.

Dar 36 maktabi kasbhoi tekhniki, 78 maktabi miyonai makhsus (68,1 hazor nafar khonanda), 12 maktabi oli (62,o hazor student) mavjud budand. Kalontarii maktabhoi oli: Universiteti Vilnyus (1579 tasis yoftaast), instituthoi politekhniki, injeneriyu binokori, pedagogi, tibbi, sanat, tarbiyai jismoni, inchunin Akademiyai veterinarii khojagii qishloq konservatoriya. Dar avvali soli 2017 Litva doroi 2420 kitobkhonai ommavi, 34 muzey, 1401 klub bud. Markazi korhoi ilmi — Litva (1941 tashkil yoft) 12 instituti ilmiyu tadqiqotiro muttahid menamoyad. Respublika dar ibtidoi soli 1975 85 muassisai ilmi dosht. Tamoyuloti asosii korhoi ilmiyu tadqiqoti: nazariyai ehtimoliyat va hisobkunii matematiki, problemami kibernetikii matematika, kibernetikai tekhniki, nazariyai spektroskopiyai atomho va molekulaho, fizikai nmmnoqilho, garmii harorati baland, nazariyai tahshini elektrikii metallho va muayyan namudani usulhoi hosil namudani andudahoi galvaniki, asoshoi biologii baland bardoshtani hosili ziroat va mahsuloti chorvodori, quvvahoi istehsolkunandai respublika, tarikh, zabon va adabiyoti khalqi Litva

Matbuot, radio, telsvizion. Dar Litva asosan 4 nashriyoti respublikavi hast: «Miptis» (adabiyoti siyosi), «Mokslas» (ilmi), «Vaga» (badei), «Shviesa» (pedagogi). Soli 1974 nashriyothoi respublika 1862 nomgui kitobu jurnal nashr namudand. Dar respublika 109 gazeta (86 — nomgui on ba zaboni litvoni) chop meshavad. Gazetahoi respublikavi: «Tesa» («Haqiqat», az 1917), «Sovetskaya Litva» (ba zaboni rusi), «Komyaunimo tesa» («Haqiqati komsomol») va g. Radioshunavoni (az 1926) ba zabonhoi litvoni, rusi, polyaki, anglisi (baroi someoni khoriji), namoishhoi televizion ba vositai programmai 1 ba zabonhoi litvoni va rusi burda meshavad.

Adabiyot. Adabiyoti khattii Litva avval ba zaboni belorussii qadim (okhiri asri 14 dar Litva paydo shuda bud) va dertar ba zaboni lotini inkishof yoft. Ba zaboni litvoni talifi kitob (avvalin kitob — «Katekhizis»-i M. Majvidas, 1547) bo harakati islohotchigi va pahnshavii ideyahoi insondusti dar asri 16 aloqamand meboshad. Aksari in kitobho khususiyati diniyu targiboti doshta boshand ham, dar tashakkuli adabiyoti badei va zaboni adabii Litva roli muhim bozidaand.

Vaziyati nomusoidi siyosi, ijtimoi, madani, tanazauli Rech Pospolita, ki badi ittifoqi Lyublin (1569) Litva ba hayati on dokhil shuda bud, quvvat giriftani jaholatparastii katolisizm, dar bayni dvoryanhoyu ruhonnyon pahn shudani zaboni polyaki dar asrhoi 17—18 ba inkishofi adabiyoti Litva khalal rasondand. Dar Prussiyai Sharqi, ki litvoniho zindagi mekardand, adabiyoti litvoni ba andozae inkishof yoft. Asosguzori adabiyoti badeii Litva Kristionas Donelaytis (1714—1780) asarhoi khudro dar khajmii sarzamin ejod kard. Dostoni «Myatay» («Faslhoi sol»)-i u oli 1918 nashr shud.

Ba tufayli faoliyati ejodii navisandagoni demokrat az qabili D. Poshka, S. Stanyavichyus, S. Daukantas, A. Strazdas va digaron, ki osorashon bo unsurhoi klassisizmu romantizm sarshor ast, dar nimai 1-umi asri 19 dar Litva jarayoni adabi quvvat girift. Dostoni lirikii A. Baranauskas (1835—1902) «Anikshyu shilyalis» («Jangali Anikshyu»), ki dar okhiri in davra paydo shud, namunai barjastai asari badei ast. Solhoi 1864—1904 hokiimiyati podshohi matbuoti litvoniro man kard, ki on ba inkishofi adabiyoti Litva tasiri manfi rasond.

Adabiyoti nimai 2-yumi asri 19 — ibtidoi asri 20-i Litvaro goyahoi ozodii milli va ijtimoi faro giriftaast. Dar osori yak qator navisandagoni Litva, ki dar atrofi jurnalhoi liberalii «Aushra» («Subh») va «Varpas» («Zangula») muttahid budand (in jurnalhoro intelligensiyai burjuazii Litva dar khorija nashr mekard), unsurhoi romantizm, ohanghoi muboriza baroi ozodii milli, tarifu tavsifi ziyodi guzashtai Litva va g-po didan mumkin ast. Shoir Mayronis (1862—1932), ki ba inkishofi minbadai nazmi Litva tasiri amiq rasondaast, namoyandai barjastai in jarayon bud. Unsurhoi realizmi tanqidiro dar ejodiyoti V. Kudirka, P. Vaychaytis va digar didan mumkip ast. Makhsusan dar hikoyahoi Jomayts (1845—1921), Lazdina Peleda va Y. Bilyunas (1879— 1907) in unsurho khele vozehand. Y. Bilyunas avvalin kasest, ki dar borai proletariat asar navisht. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 dar adabiyoti Litva muborizai jarayonhoi gunoguni goyaviyu estetiki (realizmi tanqidi, impressionizm, simvolizm) quvvat girift va mahorati nasrnavison V. Kreve, Vayjgaitas, A. Vsnuolis (1882— 1957), shoiron L. Gira, V. Mikolay-tis-Putinas (1893—1067), B. Sruoga, K. Binkis va digaron nashunamo kard. Adabiyoti proletarii Litva tashakkul yoft va Yu. Yanonins (1896—1917) onro takmilu rivoj dod. Goyahoi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr dar asarhoi navisandagoni proletari ravshan inikos yoftaast.

Dar solhoi hukmronii burjuaziya dar qatori navisandagoni nasli kalonsol dar adabiyoti Litva yak zumra navisandagoni navin niz ba maydon omadand, ki P. Svirka, A. Venslova, K. Korsakas, K. Boruta, S. Neris, T. Tilvitis, V. Montvila va digaron az hamin qabiland. Onho fashizmu klerikalizmro mahkum va ziddiyathoi ijtimoiro oshkor namudand.

Barobari galabai hokimiyati Soveti dar Litva (1940) davrai navi inkishofi adabiyot cap shud, ki khususiyati asosii on azkhud kardani metodi realizmi sotsialisti bud. Adabiyoti Litva dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti ham az jihati goyavi va ham az jihati badei sabzida ba kamol rasid. Adibon Svirka, Venuolis, Yu. Baltushis, B. Simonaytite, Yu. Paukshtyalis, Y. Avijyus I (Mukofoti lenini, s. 1978), A. Belyauskas, M. Sluskie, Y. Mikelinskas, R. Lankauskas, V. Bubnis, V. Pyatkyavichyus va digaron dar taraqqiyoti nasri sovetii Litva sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Sheru dostonhoi L. Gira, S. Neris, V. Montvila, A. Venslova, V. Mikolaytis-Putinas, T. Tilvitis, E. Mejelay-tis (Mukofoti lenini, 1962), V. Mozuryunas, E. Matuzyavichyus, A. Jukauskas, V. Reymeris, Yu. Marsinkyavichyus, A. Baltakis, A. Maldonis, Ya. Dyagutite, Yu. Masyavichyus, M. Martinaytis, shoir M. Vaynilaytis (Mukofoti respublikavi, 1976) va digaron nazmi in davraro tashkil dodand. Yu. Grushas, K. Saya, Yu. Marsinkyavichyus dar sohai dramaturgiya mahorat nishon dodand. Adabiyotshinosi va tanqidi adabi (K. Korsakas, V. Galinis, Y. Lankutis, V. Kubilyus) niz ba yak qator muvaffaqiyatho noil shud.

Badi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani robitahoi adabiyoti tonikulitvoni mustahkam gardid. Ba zaboni litvoni «Ruboiyot»-i Umari Khayyom (1972), «Margi sudkhur» (1950), «Eddoshtho» (1952), «Dokhunda» (1961)-i S. Ayny, romani Jalol Ikromi «Dukhtari otash» (1971), 2 majmuai afsonahoi tojiki (1952—75), majmuai povesthoi Yu. Akobirov tahti nomi «Dukhtare, ki juustujuyash mekunam» (1967) va povesti alohidai u «Balogat» (1973), tazkirai nazmi sovetii tojik «Dastai gulhoi kuhi» (1970) tarjima va nashr shudand. Inchunin asarhoi judogonai Abdurahmoni Jomi, A. Lohuti, M. Tursunzoda, M. Mirshakar, A. Shukuhi, F. Ansori, A. Bahori ba zaboni litvoni tarjuma va nashr gardidaand. Ocherki «Vilnyus — Stalinobod»-i T. Tilvitis chop shud (1948).

Majmuai hikoyahoi Y. Bilyunas «Korpartoii avvalin» (1962), A. Baltrunas «Linas va Valentinas» (1962), majmuai sherhoi E. Mejelaytis «Taassuroti safar», majmuai nazmi L. «Sitorahoi Litva» (1969) ba tojiki nashr shudand. Asarhoi A. Baltakis, Yu. Baltushis, L. Gira, V. Dautarpas, A. Drilinga, Y. Dovidaytis, A. Jukauskas, A. Maldonis, Yust. Marsinkyavichyus, M. Martinaytis, E. Matuzyavichyus, V. Bubnis, Y. Mikelinskas, V. Montvila, V. Mozuryunas va digaron dar tarjumai tojiki ba tab rasidaand.

Sanati tasviri. Sanati tasvirii qadim kharakteri amali dosht. Ashyoi ruzgor, gazvorhoi pashminu katoni, miyonbandho, asbobhoi kuloli va fuluzi khele nafis oroish doda meshudand. Az qahraboyu fuluzot asbobhoi zebu zinat tayyor mekardand. Mujassamahoi chubin dar sanati khalq maqomi makhsus dorand. Aa asri 15 mabadho, mujassamahoi gotikii chubin sokhta meshudand. Dar asrhoi 16—17 sanati portretkashi inkishof yoft va gravyura ba miyon omad. Ibodatkhonahoi asrhoi 17—18 bo mujassamaho, kandakori va naqshu nigor oro yofta budand. Kafedrahoi sanati Universiteti Vilnyus, ki solhoi 1793—1803 tasis yoftand, dar inkishofi sanati tasviri roli kalon bozidaand. Dar asarhoi rassomoni asrhoi 18—19 P. Smuglyavichyus, Y. Rustemas, V. Dmakhausnas, Ya. Damel, K. Rusyaskas dar barobari unsurhoi klassisizm tamoyuli romantikiyu realisti niz mushohida meshavand. Ibtidoi asri 20 dar sanati Litva muborizai Jarayonhoi gunoguni goyaviyu badei quvvat girift. Dar asarhoi Yu. Zikaras, P. Rvmsha, P. Kalpokas, A. Jmuydzinavichyus jarayoni realisti quvvat girifta, goyahoi demokratii davr ifoda shudaand. M. K. Chyurlyonis dar inkishofi sanati rassomii Litva sahmi arzanda guzosht. Ziddiyathoi goyavi va gunogunii prinstihoi badei khosi sanati tasvirii solhoi 1919—40 Litva meboshand. Dar ejodiyoti haykaltaroshon V. Gribas, Yu. Mkkenas, rassomon V. Didchiokas, P, Kalpokas, K. S. Skleryus, Y. Shileyka, Yu. Venojshnskis, A. Gudeytis, A, Samuolis, L. Kaaokas, V. Vizgirda va digar prinsiphoi realisti mavqei muhim dorand. Dar davrai soveti dar asosi azkhud kardani metodi realizmi sotsialisti tamomi namudhoi sanati tasviri inkishof yoft. Haykaltarosh G. Yokubonis baroi ofaridani haykali qurbonshudagoni fashizm (dar dehai Pirgyulyay) saaovori Mukofoti lenini (1960) gardid. Hakkok S. Krasauskas baroi ofaridani silsilai «Abadzindaho» ba Mukofoti davlatii shuraviro noil gardid.

Memori. Qadimtarin yodgorihoi memorii sarzamini Litva devorhoi sangin (Kaunas, Medniinkay) va silsilai qasrhoi mudofiavi (Vilnyus, Trakay) ba asrhoi 14—15 taalluq dorand. Uslubi gotiki khosi sanati memorii asrhoi 14—16 ast. Aa yodgorihoi gotiki kalisoi Anpa va Berna dripho (Vilpyus), Khonai Perkuno (Kaunas) doroi sanati balandand. Beshtari binohoi asrhoi 16—17 bo uslubi renessans sokhta shudaand. Uslubi barokko (kalisoi Pyotr va Pavel, Terassa dar Vilnyus, dayri Pajayslis dar nazdikii Kaunas, dar asrhoi 17—18 rivoj yoft. Klassisizm dar okhiri asri 18 — avvali asri 19 (ratushahoi Vilnyus va g.) taraqqi kard. Unsurhoi gotikai sokhta, eklektika va digar uslubho khosi sanati memorii asri 19 va avvali asri 20 ast. Prinsiphoi shahrsoziyu memorii rus ba sanati memorii asrhoi 19—20 tasiri kalon rasond. Nufuzi jarayonhoi memorii modernisti (aksari binohoi jamiyatii Kaunas, memoron V. Dubenskis, V. Lands-bergis-Jyamkalnis) az soli 1930 baland shud. Vale beshtari binoho dar shahrhoyu dehaho be loiha oddi va beshtar az chub sokhta meshudand. Ba memorii davrai sovetii Litva sokhtmonhoi ommavi, oqilona joygir kardani mintaqohoi istehsoli, rayonhoi istiqomati, amali namudann loihahoi tipi va usulhoi sanoatii sokhtmon khos ast. Behtarin binohoi in davra bo sanati balandi hozirai memori, sokhtu namudhoi progressivi, justujui shaklhoi navi interer, ba sharoiti mahalho muvofiq kunonidani loihai tipi rayonhoi aholinishini Jirmunay (Mukofoti davlatii shuraviro, 1968; Lazdinay — Mukofoti lenini, 1974) farq mekunand.

Dar Litva ba muhofizati yodgorihoi memori, aznavsozii rayonhoi aholinishini qadima, bo kamoli kordoni ba plan giriftani posyolkahoi kolkhzi diqqati makhsus doda meshanad. Memoron: V. Chekanauskas, A. va V. Nasvitisho, N. Buchyute, E. Khlomauskas, 3. Lyandzbergis, B. Kasperavichene, A. Sprindis va digaron.

Musiqi. Folklori Litva bo surudhoi khalqii (daina) liriki boy ast. Sutatrines janri makhsusi musiqii bisyorovozai qadimii khalqist. Skudutis, birbine, kanklhoi az asbobhoi musiqii khalqii Litva, ba hisob meravand. Musiqii kasbi az asri 14 ogoz yoft. Bisyor sarvatmandoni Litva dar asrhoi 16—18 kapella va bazeashon dastahoi operayu balet doshtand. Avvalin bor soli 1936 operai «Duzdidani Elena-i M. Skakki dar Vilnyus ba sahna guzoshta shud va nakhustin kitobi darsii musiqii J. Lyauksminas soli 1667 nashr gardid. Kafedrai musiqii Universiteti Vilnyus soli 1803 tashkil shud. Avvalin operai millii Litva «Birute»-i M. Petrauskas ba sahna guzoshta shud. M. K. Chyurlyonis asosguzori musiqii simfonii Litva ast. Bastakoron Yu. Gruodis, S.

Shimkus, Yu. Tallat-Kelpsha, Ch. Sasnauskas, Yu. Nauyalis va digaron dar ravnaqu rivoji sanati simfoni va khori milli sahmi arzanda guzoshtaand. Roli hofizon K. Petrauskas dar inkishofi sanati musiqii Litva niz khele kalon. Soli 1920 dar Kaunas Teatri opera va balet va 1933 Konservatoriya tashkil shud. Hayoti musiqi dar solhoi Hokimityati Soveti ravnaq yoft.

Dar Litva Teatri akademii opera va balet (Vilnyus), Teatri musiqi (Kaunas), Filarmoniyai davlati, Ansambli davlatii surudu raqsi «Liestuva» (Mukofoti davlatii SSSR, 1970), Khori televizion va radio, 70 muassisai talimi musiqi, az on jumla Konservatoriya (Vilnyus) vujud dorand. Idkhhoi musiqii ommavi tashkil meshavand. Bastakoroni sovetii Litva 13 operai milli ba vujud ovardand. Janrhoi simfoni va kameri bomuvaffaqiyat taraqqi dorand.

Teatr. Manbayu sarchashmai teatri Litva boziyu ananahoi khalqi meboshand. Teatrho yo dastahoi teatri dar asrhoi 16—18 dar darbori feodalho, knyazi buzurg va dar baae maktabho mavjud budand. Avvalin teatri ommavi dar Vilnyus soli 1785 tashkil shud. Minbad teatr, dastaho, jamiyat va studiyahoi teatrii Litva dar Vilnyus, Riga, Peterburg, Moskva va digar shahrho niz tashkil yoftand. Hukumati Soveti soli 1919 dar Vilnyus teatri litvoni tasis kard. Teatrhoi dramayu opera dar Kaunas (1920) va bad dar shahrhoi digar niz sokhta shudand. Ananahoi realisti dar sanati teatrii Litva dar solhoi 1919—40 ba tufayli ejodiyoti K. Glinskis, Yu. Vaychkus, A. Oleka-Ji-linskas, B. Dauguvetis inkishof yoftand. Soli 1976 namoishnomahoi navi V. Mikolaytis-Putinas «Hokim», «Kurorti sohili bshhri»-i B. Sruoga ba sahna guzoshta shudaand.

Barobari barqarorshavii Hokimiyati Soveti (1940) davrai navi sanati teatrii Litva, ki ba metodi realizmi sotsialisti asos yofta bud, cap shud. Dar respublika (1972) 11 teatr, az jumla Teatri akademii opera va balet dar Vilnyus, teatrho dar Kaunas, Panevejsk va g. mavjudand. Muvaffaqiyathoi kaloni teatri sovetii Litva bo nomi arboboni sahna B. Dauguvetis, Yu. Siparis, Yu. Miltinis, R. Yuknyavichyus, K. Kimantayte, M. Mironayte, D. Banyonis, G. Vansyavichyus, dramaturgon Yu. Grushas, A. Grisyus, K). Marsinkyavichyus va digaron aloqamandand. Dar Litva dastahoi balet hanuz da asri 16 paydo shuda budand. Baleti millii Litva az ibtidoi asri 20 inkishof yoft. Studiyai balet dar Kaunas soli 1921 tashkil yoft. Nakhustin baleti Teatri davlati «Kopeliya»-i L. Delib soli 1925 ba sahna guzoshta shud. Tasiri khoreografiyai rus dar inkishofi

baleti Litva buzurg ast. Balethoi milli dar solhoi hokimiyati Soveti bisyor ofarida shudand.

Kino. Kinematografiyai badeii Litva badi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani inkishof yoft. Soli 1940 kinostudiyai filmhoi khronikaviyu hujjati (az 1946 Kinostudiyai L.) tashkil shud, ki kinojurnal, filmhoi ilmiyu ommavi va badei istehsol mekunad. Ziyoda az 30 filmi purrametraj dar kinostudiyai Litva ba navor girifta shudand. Aktyorhoi namoyoni kinoi sovetii Litva inhoand: R. Adomaytis, B. Babkauskas, D. Banyonis, I. Budraytis, L. Noreyka, A. Shurna, A. Masyulis va digaron. Soli 1976 filmi badeii duseriyagii «Bekhonumoni», «Khizmatgorzan yo malika» ba navor girifta shudand.

Partiyai Kommunnstii Litva. PK Litva qismi tarkibii KPSS meboshad. Dar okhiri asri 19 dar Litva marksizm pahn shud, harakati Sotsial-demokrat avj girift. Okhiri solhoi 80-um dar Vilnyus va digar shahrho avvalin krujokhoi marksisti ba vujud omadand. Sentyabri 1895 ba Vilnyus V. I. Lenin omada bo sotsial-demokrathoi mahalli vokhurd va guftushunidho kard. Okhiri soli 1895 Markazi sotsial-demokrathoi Litva tashkil karda shud: A. Domashyavichyus, S Trusyavichyus (K. Zalevskiy), A. Moravskie. Mai 1896 Partiyai sotsil-demokrat Litva (PSDL) va Ittifoqi korgaroni Litva (IKL) tashakkul yoftand. Bo tashabbusi F. 3. Dzerjinskiy soli 1900 sotsial-demokrathoi Korolin Polsha, IKL va qismi unsurhoi chapi PSDL ba sotsial-demokrati Korolii Polsha va Litva muttahid shudand. Dar Litva tashkilothoi RSDRP solhoi 1901—19 amal mekardand. Iyuli 1901 guruhi vilnyusiv RSDRP tashkil gardid (F. V. Gusarov, I. O. Klopov va digar.). Az soli 1904 in guruh tahti rohbarii Komiteti Shimolu Garbii RSDRP amal mekard. Dar nimai duyumi soli 1905 dar shahrhoi Kaunas, Shyaulyai, Panevejis, Shvenchyonis niz tashkilothoi RSDRP tashkil shudand. Dar davrai reaksiyai solhoi 1908—10 aksari tashkilothoi RSDRP parokanda karda shudand.

Sezdi 7-umi PSDL (avgusti 1907, Krakov) bo RSDRP muttahid shudanro muvofiqi maqsad donist, vale az sababi ba habs girifta shudani bisyor azoyoni partiya in maqsad amali nagardid. Dar solhoi reaksiya va avjirii mayli revolyutsnoni sotsial-demokrathoi revolyutsionii PSDL (P. Eydukyavichyus, V. Miskyavichyus-Kapsukas va digar) bo V. I. Lenin robita muqarrar kardand, bo matbuoti bolsheviki hamkori namudand. Badi Revolyutsiya Fevevrali 1917 bolshevikoni Litva az pinhonkori baromadand. 10 (23) oktyabri 1917 KM RSDRP (b) Byuroi muvaqqatii markazii sensiyai Litvaro bo rohbarii V. Miskyavichyus-Kapsukas tasdiq kard. Soli 1918 dar Vilnyus va digar shahru uezdho avvalin yacheykahoi kommunisti ba vujud omadand. 14 avgsti 1918 partiyai sinfi kortari Litva Partiyai Kommunistii Litva nom girift. 1—3 oktyabri 1918 dar Vilnyus sezdi gayrilegalii PKL shuda guzasht, ki on ba muttahidshavii tashkilothoi kommunistii pinhonkor musoidat namud. Sezd vazifai asosii partiya — torumor kardani istilogaron va barqapop namudani Hokimnyati Sovetiro muayyan kard, ustavi partiyaro qabul va KM partiyaro intikhob namud. Dar natijai muttahidshavii Respublikahoi Sovetii Litva va Belorussiya RSS Litvayu Belorussiya ba vujud omad va tashkilothoi partiyavii Litva va Belorussiya marta 1919 ba Partiyai yagonai kommunistii Litva va Belorussiya dar hayati RKP (b) muttahid gardid. PKL az soli 1919 gayrilegali amal mekard, vay yagona partiyai siyosie bud, ki baroi manfiathoi mehnatkashon muboriza meburd. Soli 1940 mehnatkashoni Litva diktaturai fashistiro sarnagun kardand. PKL legali amal mekard, ba muborizai mehnatkashon baroi tashkil namudani organhoi Hokimiyati Soveti va sokhtmoni jamiyati sotsialisti rohbari menamud. 8 oktyabri 1940 PKL ba hayati VKP (b) qabul shud.

Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatanii 1941—1945 kommunistoni Litva ba muborizai khalqi Litva bar ziddi istilogaroni gitleri va yordamchiyoii burjuaziyu millii onho rohbari kardand. Badi on kn respublika az yuga fashizm ozod karda shud, PK (b) Litva tamomi quvvaashro baroi barqapop va mustahkamkunii organhoi Hokimiyati Soveti, ba amal barovardani digargunihoi sotsialisti ravona kard. PKL 1 yanvari 1979 153969 azo va 6577 nomzadho ba azoi, 5066 tashkilothoi ibtidoii partiyavi dosht.

Ittifoqi kommunistii leninii javononi Litva. LKCML qismi tarkibii VLKSM meboshad. Okhiri soli 1918 dar Vilnyus avvalin yacheykai gayristalini komsomoli ba vujud omadand. Badi on ki dar qismi ziyodi masohat. Litva Hokimiyati Soveti barpo gardid, bo tashabbusi KM PKL 29 yanvari 1919 Byuroi markazii IKSL tashkil karda shud. 27 avgusti 1922 dar Kaunas Konferensiyai IKJL shuda guzasht, ki ishtirokchiyoni on ba nomi V. I. Lenin maktubi tabriki firistondand. IKJL dar solhoi 1920—40 gayrilegali amal mekard. Az soli 1940 komsomoloni Litva ba sokhtmoni jamiyati sotsialisti faolona hamroh shudand. 18 oktyabri 1940 tashkiloti komsomolii Litva ba hayati VLKOM qabul gardid. Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatanii 1941—45 komsomoloni Litva qahramonihoi bemisl nishon dodand. 10 nafar komsomoloni Litva sazovori unvoni olii Qahramoni Ittifoqi Soveti shudand. Komsomoli Litva tahti rohbarii PKL baroi barpo kardani bazai moddiyu tekhnikii kommunizm mehnat mekunad, dar kori tarbiyai kommunistii nasli navras hissai kalon meguzorad. IKLJL bo ordeni Bayraqi Surkhi Mehnat mukofotonida shudaast (1978). IKLJL 1 yanvari 1979 417058 azo va 5926 tashkiloti ibtidoii komsomoli dosht.

Ittifoqhoi kasaba. Ittifoqhoi kasabai Litva qismi tarkibii Ittifoqhoi kasabai SSSR meboshad. Harakati ittifoqhoi kasaba dar Litva okhiri asri 19 ba vujud omadaast. Solhoi 1918—19 badi barposhavii Hokimiyati Soveti dar Litva shumorai tashkilothoi ittifoqhoi kasaba to ba 18 hazor afzud. Soli 1934 hukumati burjuazii fashistii Litva ittifoqhoi kasabaro barham dod. Ba joi ittifoqhoi kasaba Palatai mehnat ba vujud omad. Bad az sarnagunshavii diktaturai fashisti hukumati khalqi 28 iyuni 1940 faoliyati ittifoqhoi kasabaro qonuni kard. Bo ozodshavii respublika az istilogaroni fashistii nemis ittifoqhoi kasaba az pai barqaror karda shudand. 1 yanvari 1979 dar respublika 1701 182 azoi ittifoqhoi kasaba, 8932 tashkiloti ibtidoii ittifoqhoi kasaba mavjud bud.

Khojagii khalqi Litva respublikai industrialiyu agrarist. On doroi sanoati taraqqikardai moshinsozi, korkardi metall, elektrotekhnika, khimiya, sabuk, khurokvori va khojagii qishloqi mehanikonida va elektronidashuda meboshad. Sanoat az hissai mahsuloti respublikaro medihad. Asosi khojagii energetikai Litvaro suzishvorii kashondashavanda (angisht, mahsuloti neft, gaz) tashkil mekunad. Az zakhirahoi gidroenergetiki (GES-i Kaunas) va torf istifoda burda meshavad. Kalontarii stansiyai elektri — GRES-i Litva bo mazutu gazi tabii kor mekunad. Dar Kaunas GES hast. Dar Ignalin stansiyai olektrii atomi sokhta shudaast. Dar Majoykyay zavodi istehsoli mahsuloti neft kor mekunad. Dar Litva sanoati moshinsozi va korkardi metall joi namoyonro ishgol menamoyad. Sanoati dastgohsozi taraqqi kardaast. Dar Klaypeda (zavodi «Valtiya») kishtihoi uqyonusgardi borkash va tijorati sokhta va tamir karda meshavand. Kishtihoi daryogard, turbinahoi bugi dar Kaunas, moshinhoi khojagii qishloq dar Vilnyus, Rokishkis, Ukmerge, velosiped va dvigatelhoi mopedho dar Shyaulyay sokhta meshavand. 3avodhoi Kedaynyay va Ionava superfosfat, ammofos va nurihoi nitrogeni istehsol mekunand. Dar zavodhoi Alitus nakhi suni, Plunge charmi suni, Vilnyus mahsnuoti plastmassi, Shvenchyonis az rastani doruho istehsol mekunand. Sanoati khurokvori az gusht, shir, mohi, kartoshka, sabzavot va mevajot mahsuloti gunogun tayyor mekunad. Dar Litva 4 zavohdi qand khast. Sanoati bofandagi taraqqi kardaast. Dar 5-solai 9-um hajmi istehsoli mahsuloti sanoat 49%, istehsoli moshinhoi khojagii qishloq 2,4, asbob 3,1, dastgoh 1.7, mahsuloti sanoati khimiya va neftu khimiya 1,6 barobar afzud. 1 yanvari 1978 (ba hissai hazor cap) 2196,8 gov (az jumla 875,0 modagov), 2556,8 khuk, 64,8 buzu gusfand bud.

Tuli rohi ohani Litva 2019 km (1975). Az on 130 km. elektrikonidashuda meboshad. Rohhoi moshingard ziyoda az 33,3 hazor km, az jumla rohhoi sangfarsh— 14,5 hazor km (1975). Bandarhoi kalontarini daryoi — Kaunas va bahri — Klaypeda. Rohhoi havoi Vilnyusro bo shahrhoi digar Litva va shahrhoi kalontarini SSSR payvastaand.

Adabiyothoi istifodashuda.: Atamukas S., Tarvidas S. S. i Basalikas A. B., Sovetskiy Soyuz. Litva, M., 1967; P a sh u t o V. T., Obrazovanie Litovskogo gosudarstva, M., 1959; Revolyusiya 1905—1907 gg. v Litve, dokumenti i materiali, Vilnyus, 1961; Chyurlyonite Ya., Litovskoe narodnoe pesennoe tvorchestvo, M.— L.. 1966; Voprosi istorii Kommunisticheskoy partii Litvi (sb. statey), Vilnyus, 1961; Borba za Sovetskuyu vlast v Litve v 1919—22 gg. Sb. dokumentov, Vilnyus, 1967; Razvitie promishlennosti i formirovanie proletariata Litvi v XIX v., Vilnyus, 1969; Kompartiya Litvi v borbe za Sovetskuyu vlast (19E5— 40), M., 1961; Kubilyus V., Sovremennaya Litovskaya poeziya, M., 1969; Istoriya sovetskogo dramaticheskogo teatra, t. 4— 6, M., 1966—71′, Budreyka E. S., Arkhitektura Sovetskoy Litvi, L., 1971; Sovetskaya Litva i ee nauka, dar kit.: «Nauka Soyuza SSR», M., 1972; Chervonnaya S. M., Bogdanas K. A., Iskusstvo Litvi, L., 1972; Gaudrimas Yu. Iz istorii Litovskoy muziki, t. 1, M., 1964, t. 2. L.. 1972.