TANGA

TANGA, VOHIDI puliest, ki az filiz (tillo, nuqra, mis, nikel, altominiy va gayra) sikka zada, hamchun vositai kharidu furush va pardokht istifoda mebarayad. Tangai bayzashakl yo mudavvar baroi istifoda muvofiqtar buda, dar muomilai odamon mamul ast. Avers (ruya), revers (pasn on) va gurt (kanor)-i tanga az hamdigar farq mekunand. Har yak tanga tasvir (sabti unvon, nom, gerbi hokim) va ezohot (tahr va davlatn sikkazanandai tanga) dosht. Tanga qarib dar yak vaqt (asrhri 8—7 to melod) dar davlati Lidiya (Osiyoi Khurd) va jazirai Egina (Yunoni Qadim) paydo shud.

Dar Osiyoi Miyona bori nakhust tanga dar asri 3 to melod bo du usul sokhta meshud: dar qolab filizi obkardaro merekhtand yo filizi lundaro dar bayli du shtempel guzoshta sikka mezadand. Hanuz dar asri 3 shoh Selevki I zarrobii tangaro ba roh monda, dar rui on nomi khudash va pisarash Aktiokhi 1-ro sabt karda bud. Dar davrai Yunonu Bokhtar Selevkiyon tangahoi khudro doshtand, ki ba on harfi avvali nom va aksi diodot sikka zada meshud. Dar ahdi Dimetriy boshad, tangahoro ba du zabon sikka zadand. Dar yak tarafash girdogirdi aksi Demetrin ba zaboni hindi katiba dorad. Az nazdikihoi posyulkai Panj tangai Evkratid yoft shudaast. Az Osiyoi Miyona, Afgoniston va Hinduston tangai zamoni Kushoniyonro yoftaand. Kadfizi II (238—278) islohoti pul guzaronida, dar muomilot tangai tilloro jori namud. Dar davrai Kushoniyon (asrhoi 1—3) va Sosoniyon (asri 3) dar Marv va Hirot varrobkhonahoi makhsus mavjud budand. Dar in davra asosan tangan mis ba muomilot meraft. Pas az islohoti Kadfizi II chandin marotiba islohoti pul guzaronida shud. Dar davrai Somoniyon tangai tillo ba zaru zevar va mol tabdil yoft, tangai nuqragi — dirham dar muomilot istifoda meshud. Asrhoi 9—10 dar davlathoi Tohiriyon va Somoniyon dirhamhoi gunogun sikka zada meshudand va har yak namudi on nom (khorazmi, musayyami, muhammadi, gitrifi) va tainot doshtand. Dar asri 9 va khususan asri 10 dirhamhoi umumidavdati betasvirot budand va tanho katibai khati kufi doshtand. Dar asri 10 tangahoi Ismoili Somoni paydo shudand. Badi islohoti pulie, ki Temur dar solhoi 80 asri 14 guzarond, tanho tangai nuqragi sikka zada meshudand. Badtar dar Osiyoi Miyona tangahoi pulhoi kaloni nuqragi, misi chaqa nom girift. Qurbi tanga dar zamoni mukhtalif gunogun bud. Dar asri 19 dar amorati Bukhoro yak tanga ba 15 tin va dar khonihoi Khuqavdu Kheva yak tanga ba 10 tini Rossiya barobar bud. Bo paydo shudani puli kogazi qimati tanga pasttar gasht. Az sababi ahamiyati ziyodi iqtisodi nadoshtanash tangai tillo va nuqra khele kam barovarda meshud.
Nakhustin tangai soveti soli 1021, tangahoi dar muomilot budai hozira soli 1961 barovarda shudaand. Dar rui tangahoi soveti dar bayni khushahoi gandum qimat va soli istehsoli on, dar pasash tasviri gerbi davlati va katibai «SSSR» sikka zada shudaast. Dar tangahoi khotiravi va jashni ba joi qimati tanga tasviroti zaruriro sikka mezanand.
Tanga yake az sarchashmahoi muhimi tarikhi buda, dar halli bisyor masalahoi tarikhi qadim madad merasonad. Ba tadqiqi Tanga ilmi numizmatika mashgul ast.