Navoi Nizomuddin Alisher

Nizomuddin Alisher (9. 2. 1441, Hirot — 3. 1. 1501, hamon jo), shoir va mutafakkir, asosguzori adabiyoti klassikii uzbek, khodimi davlati. Padari N. Giyosuddini Kichkina az amaldoroni khonadoni Temuriyon bud. U chun havodori sheru shoiri dar khonaash bo adiboni davr suhbatho meorost. Navoi az ovoni kudaki ba sheru shoiri shavku havasi zibde zohir namud va dar 15- solagiash hamchun shoiri zullisonayn, ki ba zabonhoi uzbekii qa­dim— turkii chigatoy bo takhallusi «Navoi» va forsi-tojiki bo takhalusi «Foni» ejod mekard, mashhur gasht. Navoi dar Hirot, Mashhad va Sa­marqand tahsili ilm kardaast. Soli 1469 Navoi muhrdori hukmroni Khuroson Husayni Boyqaro tain gardid va badtar (1472) Vazifai vazir va unvoni amirro sohib shud. Navoi chun arbobi davlati baroi obodonii mamlakat, sokhtmoni madrasaho, shifokhonaho kushishi ziyod menamud, ba olimon, rassomon, mutribon, shoironu khushnavison doimo dasti yori daroz mekard. Yakjoya bo ustodash Abdutrahmoni Jomi ba hayoti ilmi, adabi va madanii davr sarvari mekard. Solhoi 1447—1449 Navoi dar yake az nohiyahoi durdast Astarobod hokim ta­in shud, vale bad az du sol ba HIrot bargashta az korHoi davlati dast kashid va to okhiri umr ba kori ejodi mashgul gardid. Navoi merosi adabiyu ilmii farovon, ziyoda az 30 majmuai sherho, dostonho, asarhoi nasri va risolahoi ilmi boqi gu- zoshtaast. Solhoi 1492—1499 Navoi aksari ashori uzbekiashro bo unvoni «Kha- zoin-ul-maoni» dar chahor devon jam namud, ki onho ba chor davrai umri shoir mutobiqat dorand: «Garoib-us-sigar», «Navodir-ush- shubob», «Badoe-ul-vasat», «Favoid-ul- kibar». Majmuai mazkur bo nomi «Chahor devon» niz maruf ast. Dar in devonho ziyoda az 3130 gazal va sherhoi gunogunjanri liriki joy dorand. «Chahor devon» dar inkisho­fi nazmi uzbek mavqei balande ishgol mekunad. Navoi dar yak qita chunin meguyad: – Manii shirinu ranginam ba turki behad ast, Forsi ham lalu durrhoi simin chun bingari, Guiyo dar rasti bozori sukhan bikshodaam, Yak taraf dukoni kannodiyu yak su zargari. Navoi devoni digare dorad, ki bo no­mi «Devoni Foni» mashhur ast. «De­voni Foni» az 12 hazor misra ibo­rat buda, dar on ashori forsi-tojikii shoir jamovari shudaand. Dar in devon gazalhoi mukhtara va javobiya ba Sadi, Khisravi Dehlavi, Hofiz, Jomi va digaron bisyorand: Tatabbu kardani Foni dar ashor, Na az daviyu ne az khudnamoist. Chu arbobi sukhan sohibdilonand, Murodash aa dari dilho gadoist. Navoi dar maktabi ejodii adabiyoti klassikii khalqhoi Sharq, makhsusan, fors-tojik tarbiya yofta, hamchun sho­ir tashakkul yoftaast. Dar ashori Navoi goyahoi insondusti, adolatkhohi, nakui va nakukori joi asosiro ishgol menamoyand. Navoi ba zaboni forsi- tojiki yak silsila qasidaho ofaridaast, ki bo unvonhoi «Sittai zaruriya» va «Fusuli arbaa» malumand. Qasidai «Tuhfat-ul-afkor», ki ba silsilai «Sittai zaruriya» dokhil ast, soli 1476 javoban ba «Lujjat-ul-asror»-i Jomi va «Daryoi abror»-i Khisravi Dehlavi navishta shudaast. Qasidahoi «Fusuli arbaa» chahor fasli tabiatro inikos mekunand. Mahorati Navoi dar ofaridani «Kham­sa» niz jolibi diqqat ast. Sadriddin Ayni  «Khamsa»-i Navoiro «yake az behtarin namunahoi adabiyoti klassikii Sharh» nomidaast. In asari Navoi chun natijai qonunii inkishofi nazmi epikii Sharq va khususiyathoi behtarini ananai hamosasaroi solhoi 1483— 1485 ejod gardida bud. «Khamsa» az chunin dostonho tashkil yoftaast: 1) «Hayrat-ul-abror», 2) «Farhod va Shirin», 3) «Laili va Majnun», 4) «Sabai sayyor», 5) «Saddi iskanda­ri». «Qayrat-ul-abror» az 64 bob (qismi asosiash 20 maqola) iborat buda, az masalahoi ijtimoi, siyosi, akhloqi va falsafi bahs mekunad. «Farhod va Shirin» dostoni ishqi pahlavoni mahbubi khalq; — Farhod va Shirini zebost. Navoi dar doston Farhod — muborizi haqikat va adolatro az Khusrav balandtar guzoshtaast.  Jihati khubi doston on ast, ni shoir dar surudani on az vositahoi badei i folklori, az ananahoi dostonhoi khalqi istifoda burdaast. «Layli va Maqnun» dostoni mashhuri ishqi ast, ki Navoi onro bo pafosi balandi gumanisti ejod kardaast. Dostoni Navoi ba adabiyothoi gunoguni Sharq va folklori uzbek tasiri ziyode rasondaast. «Sabai sayyor» dar silsilai bahromnomanavisi yak voqeai toza bud. Dar doston tasviri Bahromi ba ayshu nush dodashuda va oqibati fojiaanjomi u ibratangez tasvir shudaast. Tavassuti hikoyathoe, ki az zaboni musofiron ovarda shudaand, idealhoi Navoi tasdiq va tashviq meshavand. Dar dostoni okhirini «Khamsa»-i Navoi qahramoni asosi shohi ideali — Iskandar buda, janbai falsafiyu ijtimoii on khele purquvvat ast. Asarhoi digarash az qabili «Tarikhi muluki Ajam», «Holoti Pahlavon Muhammad», «Holoti Hasani Ardasher», «Vaqfiya», «Munshaot» va gayra niz ba qalami Navoi taalluq dorand. «Khamsat-ul-mutakhayirin» ba Jomi bakhshida shudaast va baroi omukhtani ravobiti adabii khalqhoi toji­ku uzbek yak manbai khubest. «Naso- im-ul-muhabbat», ki tarjumai ozodi «Nafahot-ul-uns»-i Jomist, munosibati Navoiro nisbat ba ustodash boz ham ravshavtar mekunad. Dar omuzishi tarikhi adabiyoti uzbeku fors- tojik va robitai onho «Majolis-un- vafois» (1491—1498) avvalin tazkirai uzbekist, ki dar borai 459 adib malumot medihad, «Tarikhi anbiyo va hukamo», ki dar borai shakhsoni rivoyativu tarikhii Osiyoi Miyona va Eron, asotiri zardushti, yunoni va islomi bahs menamoyad, aha­miyati ziyode dorand. Dar risolai «Mizon-ul-avzon» masalahoi muhimi nazariyai adabiyot, makhsusan vazni aruz dar nazmi uzbeki mavridi tadqiq qaror giriftaand. Navoi dar in asar chand vazni tozaro, ki donishmandoni asri 15 ikhtiro kardaand, makhsusan takid namudaast. Navoi chun olimi zabonshivos «Muhokimat-ul- lugatayv» nom asar ofaridaast, ki dar on zaboni uzbeki va forsi- tojiki ba tarzi qiyosi tahqiq shuda­and. Navoi dar okhiri hayoti khud dosto­ni tamsilii «Lison-ut-tayr» (1499) va risolai ijtimoiyu akhloqii «Mahbub-ul-qulub»-ro (1500) navisht. Dar «Mahbub-ul-kulub» Navoi ananai «Guliston»-i Sadi va «Bahoriston»-i Jomiro ba tarzi khos idoma dodaast. Dar asar aqidahoi ijtimoi, siyosi va falsafii Navoi jambast shudaand. Navoi dar inkishofi adabiyo­ti uzbek va adabiyoti khalqhoi turkzabon:. uygurho, ozariho, turkmanho, turkho, qazoqho, totorho va digarho tasiri ziyode rasondaast. «Navoii buzurgi khalqi uzbekro… Oktyabr ba jahon shinosond» (S. Ay­ni). Ejodiyoti Navoi az asri 15 to ruzhoi mo diqqati adabiyotshinoson, sharq- shinosonro jalb namudaast. Dar navoishiosi khizmati V. V. Bartold, E. Bertels, S. Ayni, N. Konrad, A. Boldirev, K. Borovkov, I. Bragin­skiy, V. Abdulloev, V; Zohidov, N. Mallaev, A. Mirzoev, H. Sulaymonov, O. Sharofiddinov, A. Hayitmetov, A. Qayumov, R. Hodizoda, S. Er­kinov, S. Ganieva, A. Abdugafurov, P. Shamsiev va digaron khele kalon ast. Khususan dar omuzishi Navoi khidmathoi ustod Ayni ba nazar namoyonand. Avvalin maqolahoi S. Ayni dar borai Navoi okhiri solhoi 30 talif shudaand. U oid ba zamoni zindagi, tarjumai hol, faoliyati siyosiyu jamiyati va ejodiyoti adib bo unvoni «Alisheri Navoi» monografiyae navisht, ki bo muntakhabi ashori tojikii Navoi ba tab rasid. Solhoi 1948 va 1968 jashnhoi 500 va 525- solagii Navoi  qayd shud. Asarhoi Navoi borho ba zabonhoi gunogun, az jumla, ba tojiki tarjuma va nashr gardidaand. Nomi Navoi ba kucha, maktab, kolkhoz, rayon, shahr, uni­versitet, kitobkhonaho, muzey va teatrho guzoshta shudaast. Dar asosi asarhoi Navoi opera va dramaho ba maydon omad, navisandagoni soveti — Oybek, Uygun, I. Sulton, B. Vadetskiy, L. Bat, Mirkarim Osim dar borai Navoi  roman, povest, drama, dos­ton va hikoyaho ofaridaand. Dramahoi musiqii uzbekii «Laylivu Majnun», «Farhod va Shirin», ki dar asosi dostonhoi Navoi tahiya shudaand va dramai tarikhii «Ali­sher Navoi»-i Uygun va Izzat Sul­ton, ki ba hayot va faoliyati domanadori Navoi bakhshida shudaast, dar teatrhoi tojik namoish doda meshavand. Dar bayni khalqhoi tojik, uzbek, turkman, afgon oid ba Navoi rivoyat va hikoyathoi dilnishin vujud dorand. Hayot va ejodiyoti shoir dar maktabhoi miyona va oli, az jumla, maktabhoi tojiki omukhta meshavad. Os.: As. 1—15 t., Toshkent, 1903—68; Khamsa. Qisqartib nashrga tayyorlovchi S. Ayni, Toshkent, 1948; Farhod va Shi­rin. Az uzbeki tarj. M. Aminzoda. Sta­lin obod, 1948; Khamsat-ul-mutahayirin, az uzbeki tarj. A. Maniyozov, D., 1901. Ad.: .Ayni S., Alisher Navoi, Stalinobol, 1948; Bertels E. E., Na­voi. Opit tvorcheskoy biografii. M.— L., 1948; hamon m u a l l., Navoi i Djami, M., 1905: Mirzoev A., Foni va Khofiz, D., 1900; hamon m u a l l., Alisher Navoi va Abdurahmoni Jomi, D., 1908; Khayitmetov A., Tvorches­kiy metod Alishera Navoi, Tashkent, 1905; Zakhidov V., Mir idey i obra­zov Alishera Navoi, Tashkent, 1961; S v i d i n a E. D., Alisher Navoi. Bib­liografiya (1917—1906), Tashkent, 1908.