MINETUR

MINETUR, miniatyura (az lot. minium — kinovar, rangi khosi surkh), asarhoi nafisi sanati tasvirie, ki hajman khurd buda, usuli khosi nigorish dorand; asosan surathoi baroi dastkhatho ejodshuda, in­chunin lavhahoi alohidai tasviri tabiat, nigorishoti grafiki, port­ret va surathoi khurdi bo mino, ranghoi obi va g. ofaridashuda. Sanati Minetur va oroishi kitob az davrahoi qadim malum bud. Dar Misri Qadim, Yunon, Eron va Osiyoi Mi­yona asarhoro bo Minetur oro medodand. Mineturi kitobi dar Vizantiya, Evropa, Rusi Qadim, Armaniston, Gurjiston, alalkhusus dar mamlakathoi Sharki Nazdik va Miyona inkishof yoft. Avvalin kitobhoi minyoturdori Sharqi asrimiyonagi va tarjumahoi arabii risolahoi yunoni oid ba tib, fizika, astronomiya va g. budand. Badtar «Nujum», tamsilhoi «Kalila va Dimna», asarhoi «Tarikhi Tabari», «Jome-ut-tavorikh»-i Rashiduddin, «Zafarnoma»-i Sharafuddin Alii Yazdi va g. bo Minetur oro doda shudand. Makhsusan ofaridani Minetur dar asosi syujeti asarhoi manzum, monaidi «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi, «Khamsa»-i Nizomi va Amir Khusravi Dehlavi, Navoi, «Buston» va «Guliston»-i Sadii Sherozi, dostonhoi Abdurrahmoni Jomi, devonhoi Hofizi Sherozi, Khojai Kirmoni, Attor, Orifi va dig. khele rivoj yoft. In asarho baroi Minetur syujet va materialhoi farovon doda, dar tashakkulu takomuli kompozisiyai Minetur va paydoishi uslubu raviyahoi gunoguni minyoturnigori roli kalon bozidand. Dar jarayoni inkishofi Minetur doirai mavzuoti on domanador shuda, tasviri sahnahoi ramzi, jangi tan ba tan, lahzahoi shikor, muloqoti oshiqon, marosimhoi qabul, bazm va g. mavridi tasvir qaror girift. Mahorati manzaranigori va portretkashin minyoturnigoron afzud, usul va vositahoi ifodai Minetur takmil yoft, mushohidahoi hayoti dar tasvir maqomi muayyane paydo kard. Ofaridani Minetur kori zahmattalab bud. Avval dar rui kogaz tarhi Mineturro (bo ob) mekashidand. Badi khushkidani ob izi onro bo khati surkh yo siyoh ayontar mekardand. Sipas ba parak omekhtai ohar va safedii tukhm molida, badi khushkidan, onro bo bulur yo aqiqi sukhta sayqal medodand. Dar varaqi pardozyofta ranghoi asilro ba kor meburdand: avval hamai juzhoi bo yak rang ifodashavandaro kashida, badi khushkidani on ba istifodai rangi digar mepardokhtand. Dar tarikhi Minetur nomi bisyor musavvironi barjasta, monandi Abdulhayyo Junayd Sultoni (asri 14), Kamoluddini Behzod (asri 15), Sultonmuhammad, Mahmudi Muzahhib, Abdullohi Musavvir (asri 16), Muhammadmurodi Samarqandi, Rizoi Abbosi (asri 17) va dig. maqomi makhsus dorad. Kalontarin markazhoi madanii Mineturnigorii Sharqi Nazdik va Miyona Bagdod, Tabrez, Sheroz, Sa­marqand, Hirot, Bukhoro, Mashhad, Jazvin, Isfahon ba shumor meraftand. Dar in shahrho raviyavu sabkhoi khosi sanati Mineturnigori shakl girifta, bo komyobiyu bozyofthoi ejodiashon hamdigarro ganitar megardonand. Bo mururi zamon vobasta ba in yo on voqeahoi tarikhi yak markazi madani mohiyati khudro az dast doda, digare ru ba inkishof menihod. Namunahoi nisbatan qadimtari Mineturi asrimiyonagi avval dar mamlakathoi Sharqi Arab paydo shu­da, boisi tashakkuli maktabi mine­turi Bagdod (gulgulshukufiash asrhoi 12—13) gardid. Dar asri 14 Mak­tabi mineturi Tabrez ru ba inkishof nihod. Davrai avji sanati Minetur asosan ba asrhoi 15—17 rost meoyad, ki dar inkishofi on Maktabi minyoturi Hirot va alalkhusus namoyandai barjastai in maktab Behzod roli kalon bozidaast. Dar in davra yak qator maktabho, az jumla Maktabi minyoturi Bukhoro, Maktabi minyoturi Isfahon, Maktabi minyoturi Movarounnahr, Maktabi minyo­turi Sheroz, Maktabi minyoturi Temuriyoni Hind bo sabku usuli khosi khud paydo shudand. Osori nodiru bebahoi in maktabho dar muzey va kitookhonahoi London, Parij, Nyu- York, Vena, Tekhron, Qohira, Istambul, inchunin Leningrad, Moskva, Toshkent, Dushanbe, Boku mahfuzand. Az asri 18 cap karda bo Minetur oro dodani dastkhatho tadrijan az bayn raft va joi onro portretu musavvarahoi alohidai ba mavzuhoi hayoti bakhshidashuda ishgol kard.

Tasvir dar sah. 398. 400—401.

M. Ashrafi.