FOTOSINTEZ

FOTOSINTEZ (az foto… va sintez), muhimtarin jarayoni fotobiologiest (nigared Fotobiologiya), ki dar natijai on rastanihoi sabz mikroorganizmhoi fotosintezkunanda va payvasthoi gayriorganiki (gazikarbonat va ob) bo tasiri rushnoi payvasthoi murakkabi organikii baroi hayoti mavjudoti zinda zarurro ba vujud meorand. Hangomi fotosintez rastaniho ba atmosfera oksigen judo karda, energiyai oftobro dar shakli energiyai bandhoi khimiyavi zakhira menamoyand.

Dar natijai fotosintez nabototi kurai zamin sole ziyoda az 100 mlrd t (az in miqdor nisfash ba F.-i rastanihoi bahru uqyonus taalluq dorad) moddahoi organiki hosil namuda, qarib 200 mlrd t SO2-ro furu mebarad va qarib 145 mlrd t oksigeni ozod judo mekunad. Dar natija 3·1021 J energiya zakhira meshavad. Doir ba fotosintez bori nakhust (ziyoda az 200 sol pesh az in) J. Pristli, J. Senebe, N. Sossyur, Ya. Ingenkhaua, Yu. Mayer tadqiqot burdaand. Dar omuzishi F. sahmi K. A. Timiryaaev, ki avvalin shuda ahamiyati khlorofillro dar fotosintez muayyan namud, kalon ast. S. P. Kostichev, V. N. Lyubimenko, A. A. Nyachiporovich, A. N. Terenin, A. A. Krasnovskiy, A. A. Shlik, 0. V. Zalenskiy va digar olimoni soveti niz dar tadqiqu omuzishi fotosintez khizmati bosazo kardaand.
Fotosintez dar rastanihoi darajai oli dar khloroplistho (dar hujayrahoi bargi sabz 20—100-toand) meguzarad. Bakteriyahoi fotosintezkunanda va aksar obsabzho khloroplast nadorand. Fotosintez dar qismi ziyodi obsabzho, dar khromatoforho va dar bakteriyahoi fotosintezkunandayu obsabzhoi kabudu sabz dar tilakoidho (pigmenti bakteriokhlorofill yo bakterioviridin dorand) ba amal meoyad. Asosi fotosintezi nabotot oksidu barqarorshavist. Muodilai mushtaraki fotosintez chunin ast:
6SO2+6N2O ► S6N12Ov+602
khlorofill
Fotosintez yagona jarayoni biologiest, ki bo afzoishi anergiyai ozod meguzarad va tamomi mavjudoti zindai rui zaminro (biduni organizmhoi khemosintezkunanda) bo energiyai khimiyavi tamin mekunad. Nigoh doshtan, afzudan va samaranok istifoda burdani samarabakhshii fotosintezi rastani masalai asosii tabiatshinosii muosir va insoniyat ast. Ziyod namudani faoliyati fotosintezi rastani yake az rohhoi muhimmi samarabakhshii on ast. Masalan, baroi az har ga 40 s ruyonidani hosili gandum rastani boyad 20 t SO2-ro azkhud va 7,3 t N2O-ro tajziya (az jihati fotokhimiyavi) karda, ba muhit qarib 13 t O2 khorij kunad.
Omuzishi fotosintezi rastaniho va rohhoi musoid namudani faoliyati fotosintezi onho vazifai asosii tadqiqoti fiziologi, biokhimiyavi, genetiki va biofiziki dar RSS Tojikiston meboshad. Tadqiqot doir ba fotosintez hanuz solhoi avvali badijangi dar Stansiyai biologii Pomir sar shud. Dar stansiyai nomburda bori nakhust dar ilmi jahoni bo maqsadi omuzishi fotosintez usuli istifodai karboni radioaktiv dar sharoiti tabiii sabzishi rastani tahiya va istifoda shud (Zaleiskiy O. V., Semikhatova O. A., Voznesenskiy V. L.). Solhoi 50 dar Instituti botanikai Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston oid ba fotosintezi pakhta yak qator tadqiqotho guzaronidand (Nosirov Yu. S.). Doir ba fotosintez az soli 1960 dar Shuba (az soli 1964 Institut)-i fiziologiya va biofizikai rastanii Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston tadqiqot mebarand. (Nosirov Yu. S., Karimov X. H., Rakhmanina K. P., Asrorov K. A., Shamsiev A.). Kormandoni instituti mazkur avvalin bor dar ilmi jahoni doir ba imkoniyati bo izofermenthoi metabolizmashon S4 induksiya kardani pakhta (bo maqsadi ba on ilova kardani khosiyati fotosintezi «kooperativi») tadqiqot guzaronidand. Doir ba fotosintez Shubai genetikai umumii pakhtai Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston va kafedrai biokhi miyai Universiteti Davlatii Tojikiston niz tadqiqot mebarand.
Soli 1972 dar Dushanbe doir ba asoshoi genetikii fotosintez Anjumani 1-umi baynalkhalqi guzaronda shud.
Adabiyot: Nosirov Yu. S., Fotosintez i urojay khlopchatnika. Dushanbe, 1956; hamon muallif, Issledovaniya po fotosintezu, Dushanbe, 1967; hamon muall., Gene- ticheskie aspekti fotosinteza, m. 1971; hamon muall., Fotosintez i genetika khloroplastov, Moskva. 1975; hamon muallif. Genetika fotosinteza i seleksiya, Moskva, 1982; Zalenskiy O. V., Fotosintez i ispolzovanie solnechnoy energii, L., 1971. Yu. E. Giller.