Maktabi usuli jadid

MAKTABI USULI JADID – navi maktab, ki bar khilofi maktabi kuhnai dinii musulmoni ba juz ulumi dini roje ba zaboni modari, tarikh, arifmetika, geografiya, tabiiyot va gayra malumot medod. Maktabi usuli jadid badi ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Osiyoi Miyona va kushodani maktabhoi rusi dar shahrhoi sobiq kishvari Turkiston va shinosoii odamoni taraqqiparvar bo hayoti Rossiya va Avrupoi Gapbi dar ibtidoi asri 20 tasis yoft. Hukumati podshohi ba savodnok kardani khalqhoi mahalli manfiatdor nabud, ammo ziyoiyoni peshqadam, ki peshravii khalqi khud va bakhtu saodati onro az inkishofi ilmu hunar medonistand, az pai kushodani Maktabi usuli Jadid shudand. Maktabi usuli Jadidi Osiyoi Miyona az Maktabi usuli Jadidi Eron, Misr, Turkiya Qrim, Totoriston va gayra, ki okhiri asri 19 ba vujud omada bud, ibrat giriftaast.

Hukumati amiri bo maslihati ruhoniyoni johil ba kushodani in maktab mone meshud, mablag judo namekard, binobar in tashabbuskoron Maktabi usuli jadidro yo az mablagi shakhsii khud va yo az khonai «jamiyati khayriya» mekushodand, farzandoni kambagalon az hisobi khona va farzandoni davlatmandon az hisobi khud mekhondand. Marifatparvaron dar masalai yorii moddi ba ahli savdo va sanoat umed mebastand. Baze az sarvatmandon dar nazdi zavodu fabrikai khud Maktabi usuli jadid mekushodand, zero ba onho khizmatchiyon va korgaroni bosavod lozim budand. Soli 1889 dar nazdi zavodi pakhtai Andijon aktabi usuli jadid  kushoda shud. Dar Bukhoro bori avval soli 1900 dar guzari Pustinduzon Mullo Qurabon Maktabi usuli jadid  kushod. Ammo binobar tarafdoron nadoshtan on basta shud. Avvalin Maktabi usuli jadid  dar Toshkent soli 1900 va dar Samarqand soli 1903 (bo tashabbusi Abdulqodiri Shakuri va Siddiqii Ajzi) tashkil yoft. Soli 1907 dar Bukhoro Maktabi usuli jadid i totori kushoda shud, ki badtar bachahoi tojiku uzbekro qabul mekard. Soli 1908 dar havlii Abdulvohidi Munzim Maktabi usuli jadid tasis shud, ki tashkilotchiyoni on S. Ayny va khudi Munzim budand.

Ruhoniyoni irtijoi va payravoni onho ba Maktabi usuli jadid muqobil baromadand, onro harom va gayrishari elon kardand. Dar atrofi Maktabi usuli jadid munozira ba vujud omad. Marifatparvaron harom nabudan va afzaliyat doshtani onro isbot va darsu imtihonhoi namunavi tashkil mekardand. Ba in munosibat «Munozira» nom povesti Abduraufi Fitrat (1909), «Mudofia» nom sheri Toshkhojai Asiri (1912), «Maktabi kuhna, maktabi nav» nom pesai Hoji Muni (1914) va yak silsila sherhoi Ajzi, Ayni va Munzim navishta shudaand. Soli 1911 dar kishvari Turkiston 68 Maktabi usuli jadid bud, ki dar onho 4106 talaba mekhond. Az jumla dar hududi Tojikistoni imruza — sobiq uezdi Khujand va volosthoi Panjakent, Konibodom va Isfara 7 Maktabi usuli jadid bud. Maktabi usuli jadid chorsola va dar baze shahrho, az jumla dar Toshkent, shashsola va dar hukmi maktabi ibtidoi bud. Haftae 25 soat dars meguzasht, ki aksariyat az talimi din iborat bud. Sistemai sinf jori shuda bud, ki in az usuli maktabi kuhna afzalmiyat dosht. Kitobi alifboi Maktabi usuli jadid «Rohbari savod»-ro bori avval A. Shakuri va bad Ismatullo Rahmatullozoda bo nomi «Rohbari maktab» (1913), kitobi qiroati umumiro bo nomi «Tahzib-us-sibiyon» (1909) S. Ayni, kitobi qiroati adabiro bo nomi «Jome-ul-hikoyot» (1911) va «Zubdat-ul-ashor» (1907) A. Shakuri va kitobi «Tartil-ul- quron»-ro Siddiqii Ajzi navishtaand. Kitobhoi darsii hisob dar asosi kitobhoi darsii rusi tartib doda meshudand. Baze khatmkunandagoni Maktabi usuli jadid dar avvalhoi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr hamchun khodimoni siyosi va madani khizmat kardaand.

Maktabi usuli jadid nazar ba maktabi kuhnai dinii dar bobi usuli talim va tarbiya qadame ba pesh bud. Sinfhoi hukmron va burjuaziyai navkhezi mahalli in jihati onro istifoda burdand va dar on baroi khud khizmatchiyon tayyor kunondand. In maktab niz beshtar aqida va akhloqi dini talim medod va purra dunyavi nabud.