URUGVAY

URUGVAY, Respublikai Sharqii Urugvay (Republica Oriental del Uruguay), davlatest dar Amerikai Janubi. Masohatash 187 hazor km2. Aholiash 2,97 mln nafar (1983); asosan urugvayiho (90%), duragaho (10%). Zaboni rasmi—ispani. Dindoron asosan katolikhoyand. Poytakhtash shahri Montevideo. Ba 19 departament taqsim shudaast. Sardori davlat va hokimiyat — prezident. Organi qonunbaror (muvaqqatan) — Soveti davlati. Zaminash hamvor va teppazor ast. Iqlimash subtropiki. Harorati mibnai iyul 10—12°S, yanvar 22—24°S. Borishoti solona 1000— 1200 mm. Hududi mamlakat dar mintaqai beshadashthoi subtropiki voqe gashtaast.

Az avvali asri 16 ispaniho ba muqobili qabilahoi hindu muboriza burdand; okhiri asri 18 ispaniho dar Urqgvay shakli zamindorii latifundiro jori namuda, dar on asosan zangihoi afrikoiro chun gulom kor mefarmudand. Soli 1811 dar rafti Jangi ozodikhohonai mustamlikahoi Ispaniya dar Amerika (1810—26) Urugvay istiqloliyatashro elon namud, vale soli 1816 onro portugaliho zabt kardand. Soli 1821 Urugvay ba hayati imperiyai Braziliya va az soli 1825 ba hayati Argentina dokhil gardid; az soli 1828 respublikai mustaqil shud. Az nimai duyumi asri 19 sar karda dar Urugvay kapitali khorija, khususan kapitali Angliya va Amerikai Shimoli mavqei kalon paydo kard. Soli 1920 Partiyai kommunistii Urugvay tasis yoft. Solhoi 1933—38 hokimiyat dar dasti diktaturai harbi bud. Dar okhiri Jangi duyumi jahoni Urugvay ba Germaniya jang (1945) elon kard. Badi jang ekspansiyai iqtisodi va siyosii ShMA dar Urugvay quvvat girift. Solhoi 50—60 harakati demokrati va korgari vusat yoft; soli 1971 fronti quvvahoi ziddiimperialisti tashkil shud. Soli 1973 quvvahoi rost dar mamlakat tartiboti harbii reaksioni jori namudand. Bo SSSR solhoi 1926—35 aloqai diplomaty dosht, soli 1943 in aloqa boz barqaror shud.
Urugvay yake az mamlakathoi iqtisodiyotash nisbatan taraqqikardai Amerikai Lotini meboshad. Asosi iqtisodiyotash istehsoli mahsuloti chorvodorist. Zaminhoi kishtbob az dah nuh hissai hududi mamlakat (yo 67%)-ro dar bar megirad. 60% zaminhoi khjagii qishloq dar dasti zamindoroni kalon — latifundistho meboshad. 14 mln ga zamin charogoh ast. Asosan gov, gusfand, khuk meparvarand. Ziroati asosii khojagii qishloq: gandum, juvorimakka, zagir va oftobparast. Korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvori, bofandagi, charmu poyafzol mavjudand. Tuli rohi ohan qarib 3 hazor km, rohhoi avtomobilgard 10 hazor km. Ba khorija pashm, gusht, konservi gushti, pust mebarorad. Sharikoni asosii tijoratiash ShMA, RFG, Britaniyai Kabir, Italiya, mamlakathoi Amerikai Lotini. Vohidi pul — pesoi Urugvay.