UNSURI Abulqosim Hasan ibni Ahmad

UNSURI Abulqosim Hasan ibni Ahmad (taqriban 968, Balkh—1040), shoiri fors-tojik. Tahsili ibtidoi va madrasagiro dar zodgohash giriftaast. Badi tahsil dar darbori sulton Mahmudi Gaznavi va pisarash — sulton Masud khidmat kardaast. Malikushshuaro bud, vale dar okhiri umr az in vazifa va khidmati darbor dast kashid.
Unsuri asarhoi ziyode talif kardaast. Avfi se dostoni u — «Shodbahr va Aynulhayot», «Vomiq va Azro», «Khingbut va Surkhbut»-ro nom burdaast. Az dostonhoi Unsuri to zamoni mo baythoi parokanda rasidaand. «Vomiq va Azro» dar bahri mutaqorib, du dostoni digar dar bahri khafif talif shudaand. Mabdai syueti «Vomiq va Azro»-i Unsuri yunonist. Unsuri nakhustin va behtarin nazmkunandai in doston ast. Raviyai ejodii har se dostoni Unsuri romantiki bud, vale dar «Vomiq az Azro» unsurhoi realisti niz ba nazar merasand. Gavr az dostonhoi mazkur Unsuri devoni ashor doshtaast, ki doron 30 hazor bayt budaast, vale az in devoni mukammali u holo 3 hazor bayt dastras gardidaast, ki az qasoid, ruboiyot, qitaot va abyoti parokandai qasidahovu masnaviho iborat ast. Qasidahoi Unsuri chun namunahoi behtarini nazmi madehavii on davra shuhrat yoftaand. Ba mazmuni madhi va az jihati goyavi past budani onho nigoh nakarda, qasoidi Unsuri ahamiyati ziyodi adabi va tarikhi dorand. Dar onho makhsusan qismati tashbib jolib ast. U dar tashbibho ba mavzuhoi vasfi tabiatu bahori zebo, tasviri mavzarahoi dilnishin, gulu lola, chah-chahi bulbulonu navoi murgoni khushkhoi, mavzuhoi ishqi, tasviri husnu jamoli mashuqa, ahvoli oshiq va gayra dast zadaast. Dar tashbibhoi qasoidi Unsuri vasfi jashnhoi qadimii niyogoni khalqi tojik — Navruz, Mehrgon, Sada ba tavri farovon duchor meoyand. In raviyaho dar ejodiyoti davrai pironsolii Unsuri boz ham rivoj giriftaand. Ahamiyati digari qasoidi Unsuri dar nigahdoshtu sabti voqeoti tarikhi va ijtimoiyu siyosii zamonaash meboshad. Dar qasoidi Unsuri pandu akhloqomuzi, targibi hukmronii odilona, davati podshoh ba judu karam ba nazar merasad. Unsuri dar gazal ba sabki sheri asri 10, makhsusan ba ejodibti Rudaki taqlid kardaast. Khudi Unsuri inro etirof namudaast:
Gazal rudakivor neku buvad.
Gazalhoi man rudakivor nest.
Agarchi bikusham ba borik vahm,
Dar in parda-andar maro bor nest.
Qismati jolibi diqqati ejodiyoti Unsuri ruboihoyash meboshand, ki dar onho ohangi ejodiyoti khalqi, ravonivu soddabayoni va inchunin tasiri sabki sheri asri 10 dida meshavad. Masalan:
Ru poktar az zamiri sodiq dori,
Zulfayni siyah chun dili fosiq dori.
Var kheshtanam bad-in du oshiq dori,
Mumin sukhanu vafo munofiq dori.
Raviyai nazmi ogozi asri 11, ki namoyandagoni buzurgi on Manuchehriyu Farrukhi budand, dar ejodibti Unsuri niz namoyon ast. Dar ashori Unsuri tabiru sukhanoni nozuku dilkash khele ziyodand. Unsuri az sanathoi badei — tashbeh, tajnis, suolu javob, bargardonish, talmeh va gayra mohirona istifoda kardaast. Dar tashbib va gazalhoi Unsuri, bo vujudi samimi va ravon budani ifoda, bazan obrazhoi zehnigo mantiqi roh yoftaand, ki in ba mujarradbayoni ovarda dinamikai hodisotu voqeoti tasviryoftaro sust kardaast. Maqomi Unsuri dar tarikhi adabiyoti fors-tojik baland ast. Ba ejodiyotash adabiyotshinoson, tazkiranavisoni asrimiyonagi (Davlatshohi Samarqandi va digar) bahoi baland dodaand.
Osor:
Adabiyot: Bertels E. E., Istoriya persidsko-tadjikskoy literaturi, Moskva, 1960; Osmanov M. -N. O., Chastotnii slovar Unsuri, Moskva, 1975; Abdulloev A., Adabiyoti forsu tojik dar nimai avvali asri XI, Dushanbe, 1979. A. Abdulloev.