YuNONI QADIM

YuNONI QADIM, Ellada (yun. Hellas), nomi umumii hududi davlathoi gulomdori dar jan. nimjaz. Balkan, jaz-hoi b. Egey, sohilhoi Frakiya, yak qismi Osiyoi Khurdro guyand.

Ocherki tarirkhi. Bino ba malumoti arkheologi odamon az davrahoi qadim maskuni terr. Yunon budand. Dar a-hoi 8—6 to m. shakli alohidai tashkiloti ijtimoiyu iqtisodi va siyosii Yu. Q.— polis (shahr — davlati aholiash grajdanhoi ozod) ba vujud omad. Aholii ozodi polis sohibi gulom va zamin bud. Qasabasozii Yu. Q. dar hamin davra avj girift. Dar zaminhoi sohili shimolii b. Egey, qismi tersii Sisiliya, sohilhoi khaliji Terentii Italiya va sohilhoi b. Siyoh qasabahoi Yu. Q. bunyod yoftand. Dar Yu. Q. savdo ahamiyati baynalkhalqi paydo kard. Muborizai Demos bar ziddi ayonu ashrofi avlodi va ba gulom tabdil yoftani odamoni qarzdor khususiyati asosii a-hoi 8—6 to m. meboshad. Dar okh. a. 6 to m. bo sardorii Sparta ittihodi chand shahr — ittifoqi Poloponiss tasis yoft. Mustahkamshavii mavqei Afina boisi taraqqiyoti Yu. Q. gardid. Vay baroi golib omadani yunoniyon dar Jangi Yunonu Eron (300—449 to i.) roli kalon bozid. Khususan dar ahdi Perikl (443—429 to m.) Afina ba avji taraqqiyot rasid. Qati naar az in bayni Afina va Korinf dar masalahoi rohi tijoratii Gapo, bayni Afina va Sparta dar masalay hukmroni dar Yu. Q. ziddiyati qati vujud dosht, ki on boisi jangi Peloponnes (431—404 to m.) gardid. Jang bisyor polishoro ba girdobi khud kashida, notavonii ittihodi Afinaro nishon dod va bo maglubiyati on ba okhir rasid. Afina az tamomi territoriyai berunai khud mahrum gasht va flotash ba ikhtiyori Sparta guzasht. Dar Yu. Q davrai hukmronii Sparta ogoz yoft. Dar jang ba gayr az Afina, digar shahrho niz talafot dodand. Iqtidori harbii polis sust shud. Taraqqiyoti minbadai gulomdori, tijorat, hunarmandi, khojagii moliyu puli asosi polisro vayron kard. Qashshoqshavii dehqonon va hunarmandon vaziyati polisro boz ham vaznintar gardond.

Sparta s. 395 ba muqobili Korinf jang (395—387 to m.) cap kard. Afina, Korinf va dig. ittifoqi davlatho bar ziddi Sparta jangidand. Muvofiqi sulhnomai Antalkid (387) Sparta hududi bar hamai shahrhoi Yu. Q. nazorat kardanro girift. Sparta dushmani asosii mustaqiliyat va ozodii Yu. Q. gardid. S-hoi 378—377 ba muqobili Sparta Ittifoqi duyumi bahrii Afina tasis yofta, ba on Fiva ham dokhil shud. S. 371 dar muhoribai nazdi Levktra fivagiho qushunhoi Spartaro maglub kardand. Badi dar muhoribai nazdi Mantineya (362) halok gardidani sarlashkari fivagiho — Epaminond davrai taraqqiyoti kutohmuddati Fiva ba okhir rasid. Afina dar Ittifoqi duyumi Afina khost mavqei khudro mustahkam nemuda, tartiboti Ittifoqi yakumi bahriro jori kunad. In dar bayni ittifoqchiyon nizo ba amal ovarda, sababi jangi s-hoi 357—355 to m.-i ittifoqchiyon gardid, ki dar natija ittifoq barham khurd. Dar in davra dar shim. Yu. D. Maqduniya toraft purquvvat megardid. Shohi Maqduniya Filippi II bo bahonai muhofizati ozodii elliniho tadrijan Yu. Q.-ro ba dast darovard. U avval sohilhoi Fessaliya, sipas Fokida, Khalkidika va Frakiyaro ba tasarrufi khud darovard. Dar in davra dar Afina va dig. polisho bayni guruhhoi Maqduniya va muqobiloni on muboriza cap shud. Bo rohbarii Demosfen ba muqobili Maqduniya ittifoqi shahrhoi Yu. K- tashkil yoft. Vay dar muhoribai nazdi Kheroneya (338) maglub shud. Filippi II s-hoi 338—337 to m. dar Korinf konferensiya davat namuda, tobei Maqduniya gashtani Yu. Q.-ro ba rasmiyat darovard. Dar tamomi polisho tartiboti oligarkhi jori gardid, ki onro garnizonhoi maqduni dastgiri mekardand.

Muhoribai nazdi Kheroneya va bo sardorii Iskandari Maqduni galaba kardani qushunhoi yunoniyu Maqduni dar Yu.Q. ba davrai ellinizm btido guzosht. Badi vafoti Iskandar (323) imperiyai u parokanda shud. Ba joi on davlathoi mustaqili elini ba vujud omadand. Imperiyai Selevkiyon mutlaqiyati Ptolemeyho va Maqduniya kalontarini onho budand. Dalvtahoi Yu.Q. bo yorii Afina mekushidand az hukmronii Maqduniya raho yoband. Vale Afina duchori maglubiyat shud. Du ittifoqi purquvvat: Arkheya va Etoliya goho hamroh goho alohida ba muqobili Maqduniya muboriza meburdand. Agar ba ittifoqi Arkheya qismi ziyodi Pleoponnes va shahrhoi kalon dokhil shuda boshand, ba ittifoqi Etoliya gayr az Etoliya qismi miyonai Yu.Q. (b gayr az Afina), janubi Fessaliya va yakchand shahrho dokhil budand. Jangu jidolhoi vorisoni Iskandar va muborizai du ittifoq baroi hokimiyati Yu.Q. boisi kharobii bisyor shahrho va ba gulomi furukhta shudani odamon gardid. Dar muhoribai nazdi Kinoskefal (197) rimiyon maqduniyonro maglub namuda ba korhoi dokhilii yunoniyon dakholat mekardagi shudand. Tobistoni s.196 sarlashkari Rim Flaminin dar bozihoi Istmiy yunoniyonro «ozod» elon kard. Az hamon sol Yu.Q. dar amal tobei Rim shud. Maqduniya mavqei siyosii khudro gumm karda, hamrohi Illiriyayu Epil ba yake az viloyathoi Rim tabdil yoft (148) va Ittifoqi Etoliya barham khurd. Ittifoqi Akheya ki ba Rimiyon muqovimat nishon dodani bud s.146 duchori maglubiyat gasht. In voqea ham sababi dar amal zeri tasarrufi Rim mondani Yu.Q. gardid.

Barobari poydorshavii Imperiyai Rim Yu, Q. ba muzofoti Akheyai Rim tabdil yoft.