TURSUNZODA Mirzo

TURSUNZODA Mirzo (2. 5. 1911, dehai Qarotog, hozira rayoni Tursunzoda—24. 9. 1977, Dushanbe), shoiri sovetii tojik, khodimi jamiyati, Qahramoni Mehnati Sosialisti (1967), Shoiri Khalqii Tojikiston (1961), akademiki Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston (1951). Az oilai duredgar. Azoi KPSS az soli 1941. Uzvi Komiteti Makazii Partiyai Komunistii Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston (az soli 1946). Uzvi Ittifoqi Navisandagoni SSSR (1934). Dorulmuallimini Toshkentro khatm namud (1930). Ba Dushanbe bargashta, avvalan mudiri shuba, bad kotibi masuli gazetai «Javononi Tojikiston» (hozira «Komsomoli Tojikiston») tain shud. Yak muddat rohbari qismi badeii Teatri musiqii davlatii Leninobod ba nomi A. S. Pushkin bud. Soli 1935 ba Ittifoqi Navisandagoni Tojikiston ba kor omad: mudiri shubai tashkili va rohbari seksiyai dramaturgiya. Soli 1939 raisi Pravleniyai Ittifoqi navisandagoni Tojikiston, soli 1942 sardori Glavlit, soli 1944 sardori Upravleniyai sanati respublika. Az soli 1946 to okhiri umrash raisi Pravleniyai Ittifoqi navisandagoni Tojikiston. Soli 1932 majmuai yakumi sher, ocherk va hikoyahoi u «Bayraqi zafar» az chop baromad. Soli 1937 avvalin dostoni Tursunzoda «Khazon va bahor» ba tab rasid. Tursunzoda bo hamrohii A. Dehoti dramai «Khusrav va Shirin» (1936), librettoi avvalin operai millii tojik — «Shurishi Vose»-ro (1939, musiqii Balasanyan) ejodkard. «Shurishi Vose», ki dostoni muborizai qahramononai mardumi kuhistoni tojik baroi adolat va bar ziddi zulmu sitam ast, baroi inkishofi sanati operai tojik roh kushod va dar taraqqiyoti dramaturtiya naqshi namoyon guzosht. Tursunzoda dar ejodi asarhoi kollektivonai «Khatti zarrin» va «Obi hayot» bo S. Ayni, A. Dehoti va H. Yusufi hamkori kardaast. Dar in solho samimiyatu hissiyoti baland, zaboni soddavu ravon, obrazhoi aniqu ayoni, navovari dar shaklu mazmun va ruknhoi muhimmi uslubi ejodii u qaror giriftand. Misoli ravshani in sherhoi «Khandida meoyad», «Dar sari tasvir», «Bahor», <«Ba istiqboli bahor» meboshand. Dar sheri «Ba V. I. Lenin» (1940) tamomi juziyot va tasviri manzaraho ba goyai asosi — muborizan dohi dar rohi ozodii mehnatkashon, yagonagii Lenin — Khalq—Partiya tobe buda, mohiyati revolyusionii jahonbinii shoirro ravshan ifoda kardaand. Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941— 45) mavzui vatandusti dar ashori Tursunzoda boz ham vusat yofta, andeshahoi vatandustonai shoir bo goyahoi insoniyatparvari, dustii khalqho va internasiopalizmi proletari boy gardid, ejodiyoti u bo muborizai dilovaronai mardumi soveti bar ziddi fashizm robitai ustuvor paydo kard. Dar hifzi Vatan ba po khesvani mardumi soveti («Khayr, modari aziz»), muborizai dilovarona va kornamoihoi benaziri jangovaron dar maydoni korzor («Khotirai kapitan» va «Bahoduri tojik»), dustiyu rafoqat, hammaslakii odamoni soveti va gamkhorii hamshirahoi mushfiq ba jangovaron («Hamshiraho»), dustii millathoi sosialisti («Rohi ohan»), yagonagii khalqu Vatan va khalqu Armiyai Soveti («Hargiz», «Ba jang»), mehnati vatandustona va bunyodkoronai mardumi aqibgoh, («Ofarin»)—chuninand doirai mavzuhoi ashori Tursunzoda dar on davra. Kalontarin asari Tursunzoda dar on solho dostoni «Pisari Vatan» (1942) meboshad. Mavzui doston ishtiroki farzandoni tojik dar Jangi Buzurgi Vatani, muborizai faolonai onho ba muqobili fashistoni istilogar va dar jarayoni in muboriza boz ham qaviyu mustahkamtar gardidani dustii khalqhoi sovetist.
Dar obrazi qahramononi doston Qodir, Saodat, Mikola va Marina behtarin khislathoi javononi so veti ifoda gardidaast. Onho muborizu fidokor va sodiqu vafodor buda, hama yakjoya obrazi khalqro ba vujud ovardaand. Ba in mani dar doston ham mehnati dilovaronai khalqi tojik dar aqibgoh va ham muborizai qahramononai on ba muqobili fashistoni istilogar khele ravshan tasvir yoftaast. Obrazi pisari tojik Qodir va Mikolai ukrain, jarrohi rus, ki chashmoii Qodirro davo kardaast, timsoli dustii vayronnashavandai millathoi sosialistist. «Pisari Vatan» ba etibori shaklu mazmuni khud niz yake az behtarin asarhoi adabiyoti tojik dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani ba shumor meravad. Dar digar asari kaloni u «Baroi Vatan» (1942), ki bo hamrohii A. Dehoti navishtaast, sadoqatu vafodorii jangovaroni soveti ba khalqu Vatan ba rishtai nazm kashida shudaast. Librettoi «Tohir va Zuhro» (1944) niz odamoni sovetiro bar ziddi goratgaroni ajnabi ba muborizai dalerona safarbar mekard. Ejodisti Tursunzoda pas az Jangi Buzurgi Vatani timsoli inkishofi adabiyoti tojik, alalkhusus, nazmi on meboshad. «Arus az Moskva» (1945), «Vodii Hisor» (1947), silsilai sherhoi «Qissai Hinduston» (1947), «Man az Sharqi ozod» (1951), «Dar kishvari tojik», «Sadoi Osie» (1956) va gayra az jumlai asarhoi purmazmun va balandgoyai Tursunzoda hisob meyoband. In asarho, ki jihathoi muhimmi zindagii khalqi tojik va hayoti kishvarhoi khorijiro faro giriftaand, ahamiyati kaloni milli va internasnonali dorand. Dar in davra mehnati jonnisoronai khalqi tojik («Ba deputat», «Az Badakhshon to Kreml», «Ba posboni ganjinaho»), khizmati sodiqona ba khalqu Vatan va rohbarii Partiyai Kommunisti ba muvaffaqiyathoi ruzafzuni odamoni soveti («Shabi kotibi raykom»), dustii vayronnashavandai millathoi sosialisti, alalkhusus, khalqhoi rusu tojik («Arus az Moskva», «Uqob» va gayra) dar ejodiyoti Tursunzoda mavqei namoyon doshtand. Dar manzumai «Vaqt va kommunist» (1951) Tursunzoda kommunist-khodimi partiyaviro «namaku shirai zamin» va «reshai matini umr»-i inson donista, maqomi kommunistonro dar peshravii hayoti khalq nishon dodaast. Dar ejodiyoti Tursunzoda pas az avvalin safari u ba khorija — ishtiroki shoir dar Konferensiyai navisandagoni mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika (Dehli, marti 1947) tagyiroti namoyon ba amal omad. Asarhoi az hayoti mardumi khorija navishtai Tursunzoda ham ba etibori mundarija va ham ba etibori shakli badeii khud kashfiyoti muhimmi ejodi dar nazmi tojik davrai nav budand. «Qissai Hinduston», ki avvalin silsilai sherhoi Tursunzoda dar mavzui khoriji buda, hayoti khalqi hinduro pesh az ba dast ovardani istikloliyati millii Hinduston tasvir menamoyad, az du qism iborat ast: ba qismi yakum, ki soli 1947 navishta shudaast, sherhoi «Bozgasht», «Qissai Hinduston», «Mehmoni magribi», «Rudi Gang», «Bogi muallaq», «Tara Chandri» va «Dar yodi kas» taalluq dorand Ba qismi duyum silsilai sherhoi «Sayyohi hind», «Tojmahal», «Dar orzui oshyon», «Qadahi man», «Kulohi professor Akhvlediani» va «Du roh» medaroyand, ki dar davomi solhoi 1948—49 navishta shudaand. In sherho az jihati mavzu va predmeti tasvir gunogun boshand ham, az jihati goyai balandi insoniyatparvari va internasionalizmi proletari, fosh va tanqidi imperialistoni khoriji, davati khalqi ranjbar ba muborizai ozodikhohona va bovarii komili shoir ba istiqloliyati millii mehnatkashoni Sharqi hamsoya va tarzi tasviri realistii hayot dar bayni onho umumiyate vujud dorad. Dar doston barobari nishon dodani hayoti mazlumonai mardumi ranjbari Hind va zulmu asorati mustamlikadoroni antlis kushishhoi ozodikhohonai mehnatkashon, manzarahoi dilfirebi Hinduston, osori olijanobi sanati khalqi hindu niz vasf shudaast. Shoir az sanati tazod mohirona istifoda burda, mohiyati aslii amaliyoti mustamlikakhohoni khorijiro fosh namudaast. Yak khususiyati «Qissai Hinduston» in ast, ki hama sherhoi silsila bo davati ruhbalandkunanda anjom yoftaand. Khususiyati digari ashori u in ast, ki shoir zimni tasviri hayoti digar khalqho dar borai Ittifoqi Soveti va mardumi ozodi mamlakati sovetho sukhan ronda, khushbakhtii khalqi tojik va obodiyu ozodii kishvari khudro takid karda, afzaliyati sokhti sosialistiro nishon medihad. In mani, khususan dar manzumahoi «Tojmahal» va «Du roh» ravshan ifoda yofvaast. Soli 1950 Tursunzoda hamrohi adiboni soveti N. Tikhonov, A. Safronov va Oybek ba Pokiston safar karda, «Man az Sharqi ozod», «Chashmho», «Qissai mashhur» va «Charoghoi vatan» barin sherho navisht. In asarhoro az rui mundarijai goyaviashon davomi mantiqii «Qissai Hinduston» shumoridap mumkin ast. In jo diqqati shoirro nizou nifoqe, ki imperialistoni khoriji va burjuaziyai dokhili dar bayni khalqhoi Hinduston va Pokiston barangekhta, onhoro az muborizai yakjoya bozmedoshtand va ziyodtar istismor menamudand, ba khud kashidaast. Shoir dar sheri «Man az Sharqi ozod» bevosita ba mardumi ranjbari yak mamlakat murojiat karda, sababhoi asosii mazlumi, oshuftagi va haqiriyu mustamandii onhoro fahmondaast. Yak khususiyati «Man az Sharqi ozod» dar hamin ast, ki shoir barobari muqoisai Sharqi khoriji bo Sharqi soveti bedori va muborizai khalqi mazlumi mamlakathoi digarro niz nishondodaast. Manzumai «Chashmho» az mehru muhabbati mardumi ozodikhohi mamlakathoi digar ba ahli Vatani mo va muborizai khalqi soveti baroi sulhu amniyat hikoyat mekunad. Silsila bo sheri «Charoghoi vagan», ki dar on hissiyoti buzurgi vatandustii shoir ifoda yoftaast, ba itmom merasad. Dar sherhoe, ki Tursunzoda doir ba mavzui baynalkhalqi navishtaast, obrazi qahramoni liriki mavqei kaloni kompozisioni dorad. Ba tufayli in obraz on sherho bo ham sakht payvand yofta, manzarai umumiyat dodashudai ziddiyat va zadukhurdi quvvahoi mutaraqqi va irtijoiro inikos kardaand. Sherhoi «Naqshi poy», «Halqai zarrin» va silsilai «Bo chashmoni tu», ki namunai lirikai Tursunzoda meboshand, az doirai ehsosoti shakhsi berun baromada, hissiyoti vatandustii qahramoni lirikiro niz ifoda kardaand.
Soli 1954 dostoni mashhuri Tursunzoda «Hasani arobakash» ba tab rasid. Dar doston bisyor khususiyathoi ejodiyoti shoir — kushishi muhimtarin ruydodhoi hayoti khalqro aks dodan, ba vujud ovardani obrazhoi barjastai tipi, ommafahmii tasvir, ejodkorona inkishof dodani ananahoi dostonsaroii klassiki va robita bo ejodiyoti khalq, istifodai tajribai adabiyoti rus va gayra ifoda yoftand. Faoliyati qahramoni asosii doston — Hasan dar davrai mustahkam kardani hokimiyati javoni soveti va jori shudani goyahoi sosializm dar hayot va shuuri khalqi tojik meguzarad. Hasan obrazi tipii on zahmatkashonest, ki tabiati dukhela — mehnatkashi va maydamoliki doshtand. Onho sofdilona mehnat mekardand, vale hamchun yakkadast molikiyati khususiro meparvaridand. Tursunzoda fikru andesha, shubha, hissu khayajon va umuman olami botinii Hasanro hamchun tipi ijtimoie, ki ba mehnati kollektivi bo dushvorihoi ziyod meguzashtand, mohirona tasvir kardaast. Dar doston muborizai navu kuhna, ziddiyati psikhologiyai molikiyati khususipyarvari va kollektivi bo sanati tazodu muqobila, bo rohi ba mehnati yakkadasti muqobil guzoshtani moshinu poezd va bar khilofi kharobiyu noobodihoe, ki az feodalizm boqi monda bud, toraft obod shuda, simoi khudro tagyir dodani Tojikistoi tasvir yoftaast, Obrazi Hasan kharakteri mukammali tipist. Raisi kolkhoz, ki mardi khiradmand, tashkilotchi va tarbiyatgarest, mahbubai Hasan — muallima Sadaf, ki tajassumi ozodi va inkishofi manavii zanon dar sharoiti sosialiem meboshad, dukhtur Ivan Kuzmich, ki daleli madadgorii khalqi rus ba mardumi tojik ast, obrazi Hasanro purratar kardaand. Dar doston obrazi muallif — qissapardoz mavqei muhim dorad. Dar dostonhri Tursunzoda «Sadoi Osiyo» (1956), «Dukhtari muqaddas» (1957), «Charogi abadi» (1958), «Joni shirin» (1960) masalahoi gumanizm va internasionalizm ba miyon guzoshta shudaand. Dar in dostonho yagonagii tafakkur va amal chun sharti muhimmi interiasionalizm zuhur kardaast. Dar «Sadoi Osiyo» shoiri haqiqatnigor, insonparvar va farzandi sodiqi Sharq muborizai ranjbaroni mamlakathoi Osiyoro ba rishtai nazm kashidaast. Shoir muborizai du jahon—jahoni istibdodi fanoshavanda va jahoni ranjbaroni muzaffarro tasvir namuda, galabai mehnatkashonro padidai noguzir meshumorad. «Charogi abadi», ki dostoni lirikiyu falsafist, ba yodi Ayni talif yofgaast. Dar on hamagi yak subhi mohi aprel — tavalludi farzand va muloqoti shoir bo Ayni tasvir shudaast. Dar doston ehtiromi beandozai shoir nisbat ba Ayni khele samimona ifoda shudaast. «Dukhtari muqaddas» dostoni lirikiyu epikist va in tarzi tasvir baroi ofaridani obrazi aniqi dukhtari adolatkhohi hindu shakli base muvofiq ast. «Dukhtari muqaddas» az jihati mazmun davomi mantiqii «Tara- Chandri» ast, ki masalai ishtiroki zanoni hinduro dar rohi muboriza 5aroi sulhu dustii khalqho va peshgiri kardani jang mavridi tadqiqi adabi qaror dodaast. Mavzui asosii dostoni «Joni shirin» ham muborizai khalqhoi Sharq, ozodi, istiqloliyati milli va sulhu dustist. In jo shoir dar borai sulhu saloh, dustiyu vahdat va maqomi buzurgi odamoni soveti dar rohi barqaror namudayai sulhu hamkorii mehnatkashon bo hissiyoti baland sukhan rondaast. Tursunzoda dar doston ba inkishofi manavii khalq va mavqei on dar halli muhimtarip masalahoi zamoni hozira diqqati jiddi dodaast va in besabab ham nest, zero qahramoni lirikii doston khodimi buzurgi jamiyati, muborizi matini rohi sulhu dustii khalqhost. Fikru zikri qahramoni lirikii dostonro masalai zindagonii osoishtai khalqhoi olam va imruzu fardoi onho faro giriftaast, ki in hissiyoti purharorati internasionalii uro ifoda menamoyad. Khususiyati digari qahramoni doston, ki goyahoi vatandustovai shoirro ifoda menamoyad, az on iborat ast, ki u hamesha ba yodi diyori khud zindagi mekunad va dar kadom qitai olam, ki boshad, khudro az mamlakati soveti, az Tojikistoni aziz judo tasavvur namekunad. Zaboni doston ham khele soddavu ravon buda, tafakkuri amiqi shoirro ifoda namudaast. Bisyor sukhanhoi u dar shakli hikmathoi khalqii tojiki bayon gardidaand. Tursunzoda oid ba masalahoi muhimmi hayoti imruza sukhan ronda, ba maqomi balandi zani tojik dar jamiyat niz diqqat dodaast. Shoir zanro hamchun uzvi judonashavandai jamiyat va sarchashmai hayoti bezavol tasvir namuda, ishtiroki uro dar idorai davlat chun zuhuroti ozodi va istiqloliyati khalqhoi dunyo, ba muqobili otashdihandagoni jang va imperializmi baynalkhalqi guvohi medihand. Tursunzoda targibgari goyahoi buzurgi partiya va saroyandai mehnatu muborizai khalq bud va to okhir ba idealhoi olii kommulisti sodiq mond. Etiqodi qavvi va mehru muhabbati shoir ba goyahoi hayotbakhshi partiya dar sheri programmavii u «Savgand» (1961) khele barjasta zuhur kardaast. Asarhoyash ba bisyor zabonhoi khoriji tarjuma shudaand. Sherhoi N. A. Nekrasov «Rohi ohan» (1938),T. G. Shevchenko «Vasiyat» (1939),A. S. Pushkin «Abr» (1949) va digaron adiboni rusu shoironi respublikahoi barodarro ba zaboni tojiki tarjuma kardaast. Az rui senariyai Tursunzoda va I. Filimonova filmi badeii «Hasani arobakash» (1966) va «Bo amri dil» (1968) ofarida shudaand. Soli 1975 aa rui dostovi u «Az Gang to Kreml» filmi badeii «Subhi Gang» ba miyon omad. Laureati mukofothoi davlati (1948) va lenini (1960), Laureati mukofoti davlatii RSS Tojikiston ba nomi Rudaki (1963), Laureati mukofoti baynalkhalqii Javohirlol Nehru (1968), Laureati mukofoti komsomoli levinii Tojikiston (1971), deputati Soveti Olii SSSR (davathoi 2—9), kotibi Ittifoqi Navisandagoni SSSR (az soli 1959), raisi Komiteti sovetii yakdilii mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika, azoi Prezidiumi Soveti Umumijahonii sulh. Bo 4 ordeni Lenin, ordeni Revolyusiyai Oktyabr, 3 ordeni Bayraqi Surkhi Mehnat, 2 ordeni «Nishoni fakhri», ordeni Respublikai Khalqii Bulgoriya «Kirill va Mefodiy», medali Jamol Abdunnosir va gayra mukofotonida shudaast. Soli 1974 ba «Medali tilloi Komiteti sovetii mudofiai sulh» musharraf gardid. Maqbaraash dar Luchob (shahri Dushanbe). Baroi abadi gardonidani khotiran Tursunzoda Khonai adiboni Ittifoqi Navisandagoni Tojikiston, Instituti sanat, rayoni Regar va shahri Regar nomi Tursunzodaro giriftand. Ba munosibati 70-solagii zodruzi shoir dar shahri Tursunzoda haykali u guzoshta shud. Dar Leninobod (kuchai Lenin, 12) du khona-muzey va dar Dushanbe (kuchai Karl Marks, 79) muzei adabiyu yodgorii Tursunzoda ba kor daromadand. Soli 1980 kuhnavardon yake az qullahoi balandi Pomirro kashf karda qullai Tursunzodar nom nihodand. Ittifoqi navisandagoni SSSR, Komiteti Sovetii yakdilii mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika mukofoti adabii ba nomi Mirzo Tursunzoda, Instituti sanati Tojikiston stipendiyai ba nomi Tursunzodaro tasis namudand.
Osor: Kulliyot, jildi 1-4, Dushanbe, 1971-1985; Vechnjy svet. Stikhotvoreniya i poemi, Moskva, 1969; Izbranie proizvedeniya, tom 1-2 Moskva, 1971; Moy vek, Moskva, 1973; Asarhoi muntakhab, jildhoi 1-2, Dushanbe, 1980; Planeta chelovechestva, Dushanbe, 1980.
Adabiyot: Boboev Yu. Sipahsolori nazm, Dushanbe, 1971; Sayfulloev A. Mirzo Tursunzoda, Dushanbe, 1984; Mirzo-Tursunzade. Bibliograficheskiy ukuzatel, Dushanbe 1981. A.Sayfulloev.