TIF

TIF (az yunoni tuphos — dud, tuman; tiragii hush), bemorii araqi, kalta, muhriqa, nomi shartii baze bemorihoi siroyatist, ki yakjoya bo tablarza va ikhtiloli hush ba amal meoyad. Tif yakchand khel meshavad: Tifi shikami, paratifho, Domana, Tifi raji yo takrorshavanda.

Tifi shikami bomorii shadidi siroyati buda, faqat odamon giriftor meshavand. Hangomi on tablarza, zahroludi, ikhtiloli asab, uzvhoi hozima va dilu ragho ba amal meoyad. Doir ba tifi shikami avvalii bor dukhturoni fransavi F. Bretanno (1813) va Sh. Lui (1829) malumot dodaand. Barangezandaash salmonella typhi (soli 1880 olimi nemis K. Ebert kashf namudaast) meboshad. Manbai siroyat odami bemor yo homilini bakteriya ast. Angezandai bemori bo najosat yo peshob va magas meguzarad. Hangomi ba dahon burdani angusht va istemoli obu khuroki iflos bakteriyahoi kasali ba organizm medaroyand. Bad onho ba gadudhoi limfavii rudai borik (tugulchahoi Peyer) dokhil shuda, pas az 7—10 ruzi bemori reshhoi tagdor hosil mekunand. Badi davrai pinhoni (inkubasioni) bakteriyaho az guddahoi limfavi ba khun guzashta ba tamomi badan pahn meshavand. Dar khun yak qism bakteriyaho nobud gashta, az onho zahri bakteriyavi hosil meshavad va boisi zahroludii tamomi organizm megardad. Bemori odatan botadrij inkishof meyobad. Badi davrai pinhoni (10—14 ruz) organizm sust va qobiliyati korii odam past shuda, beholi, kamishtihoi, dardi sar, bekhobi, qabziyat va bazan darunravi ruy medihad. Harorat haftai avval baland shuda, ba 39—40°S merasad; rangi rui bemor parida, pustash khupsh, shikamash dam va sipurzash kalon meshavad. Badi 8— 10 ruz dar sari sina va shikam donachahoi surkh (rozeola) medamand. Khunravii ruda, iltihobi shush, bronkhit, tromboflebit va bodhoi tifi shikami buda, okhirhoi haftai 3-yum ruy medihand. Bemori 3—6 hafta davom mekunad. Istifodai antibiotikho davomiyat va margovarii tifi shikamiro kam kard. Tifi shikamiro dar asosi malumothoi klinikiyu epidemiologi tashkhis mekunand. Muolija: parhez, antibiotikho, doruhoi madorbakhsh va gayra Peshgiri: rioyai qoidahoi gigienai shakhsi, ijro namudani talaboti sanitariyu gigieni (makhsuan dar muassisa va magazinhoy khurokvori, oshkhonaho, restoranho, bufetho), nazorati manbahoi taminoti ob, nest kardani magas, judo nigoh doshtani bemoron, muayyan namudani homiloni bakteriya va az muassisahoi khurokvori dur kardani onho va gayra.
Paratifho bemorihoi siroyatii ruda buda, bakteriyahoi jinsi salmonellaho ba vujud meorand. Nigared Paratif.
Domana bemorii shadidi siroyati buda, ba guruhi rikketsiozho mansub ast.
Tifi raji yo takrorshavanda bemorii shadidi siroyati buda, spirokhetho (ba vositai shabushk va kana) ba amal meorand. Tifi raji du khel meshavad: vogir (elidemi) yo shabushki va joydori (endemi) yo kanagi. Ba tifi vogir yo shabushki faqat odam giriftor meshavad. Barangezandaash spirokheta meboshad, ki soli 1868 olimi nemis O. Obermeyer kashf namud. Manbai bemori odami bemor va pahnkunandai on shabushk ast. Ba tifi rajii vogir odamon asosan dar mamlakathoe giriftor meshavaid, ki darajai inkishofi madani va iqtisodiashon past ast; dar SSSR barham doda shudaast. Shabushk faqat badi 4 ruzi makidani khuni bemor kasali angezanda meshavad. Spirokhetho ba vositai joyhoi kharoshidai pust, zahm va gayra ba khun roh yofta ba vositai raghoi limfa va jarayoyai khun ba organiam pahn megardand. Hangomi nobud shudani onho zahr (toksin) judo meshavad. Dar natijai faoliyati barangezanda va zahri on jigaru sipurz varam karda kalon meshavand. Davrai pinhoniash az 2 to 14 shaboruz. Bemori yakbora bo tabi baland (39—40°S) va larza sar shuda, saru mushakho (makhsusan mushakhoi soqi po) dard mekunand; ishtiho basta, tashnagi aiyod va pust surkhi tafson meshavad. Bemori khuruj mekunad. Khuruji yakum 5—7 ruz (bazan kamtar) davom karda, okhir tab past meshavad (apireksiya) va shakhsi bemor khudashro sihat mepindorad. Apireksiya 6—8 ruz davom mekunad. Bad khuruji duyum shuru meshavad, ki alomathoyash misli khuruji yakum ast. Khurujhoi minbada az khurujhoi peshtara kamtar davom mekunand. Odatan badi 2—3 khuruj (bazan 4—6) bemor tadrijan sihat megardad. Bemoronro faqat dar bemorkhona muolija mekunand.
Peshgiri: sari vaqt muayyan namudan va bistari kunonidani bemoron; roh nadodan ba paydoishi shabushk. Tifi rajii joydori yo kanagiro spirokhetahoi gunoguni spiralmonande ba amal meorand. Spirokhstaho ba vositai kana siroyat mekunand. Manbai tabiii bemori qarib dar hamai qitaho yoft shudaast; dar SSSR dar Qazoqiston, Osiyoi Miyona, Zakavkaziya va janubi Ukraina vomekhurad. Az hayvonot khoyandaho (mush, kallamush, tavushqon va gayra) giriftor meshavand. Odam badi gazidani kana bemor meshavad. Mekhanizm va inkishofi tifi rajii joydori misli tifi rajii vogir ast, vale khurujhoyash ziyodtar va nomuntazamand. Bemoron hatman dar bemorkhona muolija karda meshavand. Peshgiri: nestu nobud kardani kanaho dar binohoi istiqomati va khojagi, muhofizati odamon az gazidani onho (bo liboshoi makhsus).
Adabiyot: Zverev V. I., Tifo-paratifoznie bolezni v proshlom i nastoyashem, Moskva 1967 Rukovodstvo po infeksionnim boleznyam, Moska. 1968; Rukovodstvo po infeksionnim boleznyam u deteya, Moskva, 1980.
S. Boboev.