TAKhORISTONIHO

TAKhORISTONIHO, nomi yak khalqiyati eroninajodi Osiyoi Miyona, ki dar Takhoriston mezistand. Avlodi bokhtariho va yake az ajdodi tojikonand. Dar bisyor asarhoi ilmi sahvai takhoristonihoro bo takhoriyon yak donistaand. Dar asl takhoriyon qabilahoe budand, ki dar Turkistoni Sharqi mezistand va solhoi 140—129 to melod         ba Osiyoi Miyona, az on jumla, ba Bokhtar yurish karda davlati Yunonii Bokhtarro barham dodand. Minbad dar Bokhtar maskun shuda bo bokhtariho omezish yoftaand. Aholii asosi dar Bokhtar bokhtariho boshand ham, mamlakat Takhoriston nom girift.

Dar asosi bozyofthoi arkheologii az hududi Takhoriston badastomada antropologhoi soveti V. V. Ginzburg, L. V. Oshapin va digaron aholii in sarzaminro mansubi najodi evropoii brakhisefali va onhoro bo bokhtarihoyu sugdihoi az yak guruhi najodi donista, avlodoii bevositai bokhtariho hisobidaand. Tadqiqoti etnografi niz in fikrhoro tasdiq kardaast.

To vaqthoi okhir faqat az rui katibai rui tanga va digar ashyohoi madaniyati moddi olimon zaboni takhoristonihoro az guruhi zabonhoi eroni mehisobidand. Soli 1957 hangomi hafriyoti qasri Surkhkutal avvalii katibai kaloni iborat az 25 satr (taqriban mutaalliq ba asrhoi 1—2 melodi) yoft shud. Noshir va shorehi katiba sharqshinosi fransavy A. Marik zaboni onro yake az lahjahoi zaboni bokhtarii qadim shumorida, «eteo-takhori», yane «haqiqatan takhori» nomid. Muhaqqiqi nemis  V. B. Henning taklif kardaast, ki khati mazkur khati bokhtari nomida shavad. Ba aqidai zabonshinoson zaboni bokhtari dar davrai to istiloi arab zaboni asosii aholii Takhoriston budaast. Muvofiqi malumoti makhazhoi khatti va toponimikai baze nohiyaho dar asrhoi 7—8 dar bayni takhoristoniho  zaboni forsii dari-tojiki ham vase pahn shuda bud va dar asrhoi 9—10 on zaboni asosii ommai takhoristoniho gardidaast.

Khati takhoristoniho yunoniasos buda, dar ahdi podshohoni Yunonii Bokhtar pahn shudaast. Zaboni yunoni ba zaboni bokhtari tasiri amiq nadosht, vale bo hurufoti yunoni ifoda kardani kalimahoi zaboni bokhtari badi parokandashavii podshohii Yunonii Bokhtar ham dar Takhoriston to asrhoi 8—9 davom kardaast.

Namunai khati takhoristoniho tavassuti navishtajoti ruy tangaho, muhri podshohoni kushoniyu haytoli, porai khum dafnho (1951 dar Dushanbe yoft shud), katibai safolporavu devorhoi Qaroteppa va digar osori madaniyati moddiyu manavie, ki dar hududi Takhoriston va berun az on yoft shudaand, to ruzhoi mo omada rasidaast. Baroi tadqiqi khati takhoristoniho katibahoi Surkhkutal ahamiyati kalon dorand. Malumoti sayyohi  khitoi Syuan-Szan dar borai az 25 harf iborat budani khati takhoristoniho va az chap ba rost khonda shudani on, muhri navishtajoti yunoni doshtai hokimi Khutalon, rivoyati olimi arabizabon Samoni dar borai to istiloi arab dar pahnoi Vashgird (Fayzobodi hozira) va Qabodiyon vujud doshtani alifboi makhsus shahodat medihand, ki khati bokhtari dar Takhoriston dar asrhoi 8—9 ham vujud doshtaast. To pahn shudani hurufoti arabi dar bayni takhoristoniho (asosan dar bayni buddoiyon) khati hindi niz mavjud bud. ki ba hurufoti sanskrit, kharoshti va brahmi asos yofta bud. Bino ba malumoti Syuan- Szan takhoristoniho asarhoi bisyori badei doshtaand.

Dar solnomahoi khitoii «Suyshu» va «Tayshu» qayd shudaast, ki takhoristoniho mardumi mashhur buda, iborat az 100 000 kas qushuni qatori doshtaand; dar muhoribaho sipohiyonashon khele mohirona mojangidaand. Bino ba akhbori «Tanshu» mardhoi takhoristoniho muysarashonro taroshida kamzulhoi shohii peshkushoda mepushidaand, libosi kambagalon aa moquti safed budaast. Hokimi onho unvoni shekhu (shoh) doshtaast.

Sayohi khitoi Khok Chao, ki soli 7-26 ba Osiyoi Miyona omada bud, dar yoddoshthoi khud qayd mekunad, kii takhoristoniho khurokhoi khamiriro beshtar dust doshta, noni tanuri mekhurdand. Liboshoyashon az muina va gazvorhoi pakhtagiyu abreshimi budaast. Muvofiqi tasviroti rui devorhoi Balalikteppa liboshoi ashrof az matohoi rangini guldor iborat budaavd. Az rui tasviroti baze matoho abn megardad, ki peshkhizmaton beshtar libosi az matohoi suftai oddi dukhtashuda mepushidaand. Naqshunigori devorhoi Ajinateppa guvohi medihand, ki mardho kamzuli daroz, kamarbandi zarrin va muzamahsii beposhna, zanho kitfpushaki beostin, az tagi on libosi ostinvase va kurtan hariri ostintang dar bar mekardaand. Zanon khudro bo gardanband, dastponayu angushtarin va gushvorahoi zarrin zinnat medodaand. Takhoristoniho dini yagona nadoshtand. Muvofiqi malumoti sarchashmahoi khatti va bozyofthoi arkheologi dar bayni takhoristoniho buddoiya va zardushtiya beshtar pahn shuda budand. Yak qismashon ba monaviya va masehiyat (nastoriyon) etiqod doshtaand. Takhoristoniho ba ziroat (zagiru pakhta, galladona), chorvodori va hunarmandi (kuloli, bofandagi, korkardi filizot, zargari, charmgari, shishagari, sangtaroshi va gayra) mashgul budand. Takhoristoniho bo Khitoy, Hinduston, davlati Rus, Eron, Vizantiya va yak qator mamlakathoi Sharqi Nazdik va Miyona munosibathoi tijorati doshtaand. Bo vujudi tokhtutoz va zabtkorihoi paydarpai ajnabiyon (Kushoniyon, Haytoliyon, Hoqonii turk, arabho va gayra) takhoristoniho ananahoi boi davlatdori, khojagidori, ijtimoi va madanii khudro mahfuz doshta budaand.

Badi tasis yoftani davlati Somoniyon takhoristoniho barobari sugdiyon, khorazmiyonu fargonagiho va digar khalqiyatho dar tashakkuli khalqi tojik mavqei kalon doshtaand. Nigared niz Takhoriston.

Adabiyot: Istoriya tadjikskogo naroda, t. 1—2, Moskva. 1063—64:    Gafurov B. G., Tadjiki. Drevneyshaya, drevnyaya i srednevekovaya istoriya, Moskva, 1972. A. Jalilov.