SURUD

SURUD, sherest, ki baroi bo ovozi khush khondan gufta shudaast, yak janri musiqii vokalist. Surud nisbat ba digar janrhoi musiqi az jihati ritm shaklan ustuvor buda, meyori (diapazon) ovoziash khele vase ast. Hissahoi zarbii Surud gunogunand: 2/4, 3/4, 3/8, 5/4, 4/4, 6/8, 7/8 va gayra, ki hissahoi 6/8 va 7/8 beshgar ba Surudhoi raqsi mansuband. Surudho az rui shakl, sokht, tarzi ijro va uslub khalqi va kasbi meshavand. Surudho az jihati mazmunu mundarija revolyusioni, ijtimoi, liriki va gimni, az jihati sokht boshad, yakovoza va bisyorovoza (khori) meshavand va bo hamovozii sozho yo be onho ijro megardand. Surudhoi bisyorovozai khori beshtar ba rusho, ukrainho, gurjiho va digar khalqhoi barodar khosand.

Surudhoi khalqii tojiki chun Surudhoi khalqhoi digar mamlakatho ba jarayoni mehnat, ruzgoru maishati mardum vobasta buda, tarikhi tuloni dorand. Surudhoi qadima dar Avesto va adabiyoti pahlavi ba nazar merasand. Surudhoi marosimiyu mavsimi («Navruzi», «Gulgardoni», «Suskhotun», «Ashaglon», «Mayda-maydayo» «Mandog»), inchunin Surudho dar tavsifi Oftob, Moh, abr, boron, faslhoi sol va gayra Surudhoi qadimaand. Dar ejodiyoti dahonakii khalq Surudhoi liriki niz hastand. Surudhoi hajvi, maishiyu oilavi va tarikhi ham az jumlai Surudhoi khalqi meboshand. Aksar Surudhoi khalqi muallif nadorand. Bazan muallifoni matni Surudho (masalan, Sadi, Hofiz, Kamoli Khujandi, Jomi, Hiloli, Tugral, inchuninshoironi muosir) malum boshand ham, onho bo ohangi khalqi suruda shuda, bo nomi Surudi khalqi zikr meshavand. Bo mururi zamon bisyor Surudho az bayn raftaand va yo shaklu mazmunashonro digar kardaand. Surudhoi «Mandog», «Mayda-maydayo», «Ashulai bofandagon» va gayra dar zamoni mo hamchun inikoskunandai ruzgori guzashtagon sado medihand. Surudhoi marosimi tui arusi — «Salomnoma», «Shah muborak», «Ustoi langi sartarosh», «YOr-yor», «Tuyona», hamchunin «Boloi», «Sad dog», «Dukhtari Hiroti», «Ohu», «Usmash namekhom», «Sabzak» va gayra imruz ham mamuland.

Surudhoi khalqii tojiki shaklu sokhti gunogun dorand. Baze Surudho az du- se ruboi yo dubayti, taronaho, gazalho, musammatho, masnaviho, qitaho tarkib yoftaand («Murgak», «Yalali bobo, yali» va gayra). Vaznu qofiyai in nav Surudho hangomi bo ohangashon surudan his meshavad. Dar hamai Surudho naqarot mavqei muhim dorad. Surudhoi khalqi az avlod ba avlod ba tariqi shifohi guzashtaand. Matni chavde az onho «Salomnoma», «YOr- yor», «Ushturbachai man», «Bobopi- rak», «Garibnoma», «Moshoba», «Shohdukhtar» va gayra dar bayozho, inchunin majallavu ruznomahoi rusi, ki solhoi 60 asri 19 dar Osiyoi Miyona nashr meshudand, ba nazar merasad. Bori avval (soli 1899) yakchand Surud va navohoi khalqiro az bayni mardumi Bukhoro musiqishinosi rus S. Ribakov dar zugotahoi magniti sabt namud. Pas az Revolyutsiya Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr girdovari, nashr va tadqiqi Surudhoi khalqi, sabti ovozi hofizon va navohoi musiqi rivoj yoft,

Mardumi tojik doroi Surudhoi sershumori kasbi (kitobi) meboshand, ki onho ham tarikhi duru daroze dorand. Namunai barjastai Surudhoi kitobi «Shashmaqom» hisob meyobad, ki 252 surudu ohangro dar bar giriftaast. Matni Surudhoi kasbii asrhoi miyonaro dar devon yo kulliyoti shoiron, tazkiraho, bayozho, risolahoi musiqi paydo kardan mumkin ast. Revolbtsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr, tabadduloti ijtimoi va manavii solhoi avvali Hokimiyati Soveti Surudhoi navro ba miyon ovardand. «Marshi Hurriyat»-i (1918) S. Ayni nakhustin Surudi sovetii tojik ast, ki ba ohangi «Marseleza» navishta shudaast. «Lenin — barodar, rahnamo» (S. Valizoda), «Ozodii Shuroi mo», «Lenin bobo shud», niz dar solhoi avvali Hokimiyati Soveti ofarida shudaand. Dar Surudhoi solhoi 20—30 «Idi Oktyabr», «Ba Lenin», «Partizani Surkh», «Ba Stakhanov», «Surudi javoni», «Dukhtari Tojikiston» va gayra Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr, V. I. Lenin, Vatani ozod, hayoti nav, qahramononi arsai mehnat taranum shudaand. On solho shoiron sherhoshonro ba ohanghoi khalqi yo klassiki ejod karda, dar avvali matn ba kadom ohang khondanashro ishora mekardand.

Ananai Surudnavisi dar ruzhoi mo bo hamkorii ohangsozon va shoironi sovetii tojik idoma dorad. Surudhoi ejodkardai bastakoron F. Shahobov, 3. Shahidi, Sh. Sayfiddinov, Ya. Sabzanov, X. Abdulloev, A. Odinaev, D. Dustmuhammadov, melodiston H. Bandishoev, M. Jumaev, D. Muminshoev, A. Hasanov va gayra dar sanati musiqii tojik maqomi khos dorand.                              V. Shermuhammadov,

I. Rahimov.