SARVATHOI TABII

SARVATHOI TABII, ashyoi khomi minerali, «majmui mine- ralhoi tabiiero guyand, ki dar ruy yo zeri zamin dar natijai pro- sesshoi gunoguni geologi-paydo shuda, az jihati miqdor, sifat, tarkibi khimiyavi, khosiyati fiziki va sharoiti joygirshavii khud dar khojagii khalq ba kor meoyand. Sarvathoi tabii az konunhoi gunogun iboratand. Konhoi Sarvathoi zamini vobasta ba sharoiti paydoish ba seriyaho (konhoi sedimentogeni, magmatogeni va metamorfogeni), seriyaho dar navbati khud ba guruhho, sinfho va zersinfho judo meshavand.
Konhoi sedimentogenii Sarvathoi zamini dar rui zamin va zonahoi ba on nazdik az tasiri energiyai berunii Zamin dar natijai differensiasiyai khimiyavi, biokhimiyavi va mekhanikii moddahoi minerali tashakkul meyoband. In konho asosan az konhoi farsoish, konhoi poshkhurda va konhoi tahshini iboratand.
Konhoi magmatogenii Sarvathoi zamini hangomi ba sifati manbai energiyai zerizamini paydo shudani magma va az tasiri on ruy dodani differensiasiyai geokhimiyavii moddahoi minerali ba vujud meoyand. In guna konho 5 guruhi asosiro, dar bar megirand: konhoi magmavi, konhoi pegmatiti, konhoi karbonati, konhoi skarni va konhoi gidrotermali.

Konhoi metamorfogenii Sarvathoi zamini dar prosessi metamorfizmi regionali va mahdudi jinshoi kuhi paydo meshavand.
Az jihati sinni geologi konhoi Sarvathoi zaminiro ba sinni arkhei, proterozoy, rifey, paleozoy, mezozoy va kaynozoy judo mekunand. Vobasta ba makoni shaklgirii khud konhoi Sarvathoi zamini geosinklinali (nohiyahoi chindor) va platformagi meshavand. Az rui chuquriashon konhoi Sarvathoi zaminiro ba konhoi ultraabissali (ziyoda az 10—15 kilometr), abissali (az 3—5 to 10^—15 kilometr), gipabissali (az 1,5 kilometr to 3—5 kilometr) va konhoi ba rui zamin nazdik (1—1,5 kilometr) judo mekunand.
Sarvathoi zamini ba se guruh taqsim meshavand: metalli, gayrimetalli va suzanda.
Sarvathoi zaminii metalli az metallhoi kholis, madani metallhoi siyoh, ranga, nodir va radioaktivi, inchunin madani elementhoi nodirzamin iboratand.
Ba guruhi Sarvathoi zaminii gayrimetalli ashyoi khomi kuhii khimiyavi (namakhoi gunogun, gips, barit, sulfur, fosforit, apatit), ashyohoi otashbardor, elektrotekhniki, pezooptiki, garmiyu sadonoguzar va ba kislotayu ishqor tobovar, masolehi binokori, sanghoi qimatbaho, rezakori va tekhniki dokhil meshavand. Ba guruhi Sarvathoi zaminii s u z a n d a neft, gazi suzanda, angishtsang va angishti bur, torf, varaqsanghoi suzanda mansuband.
Az rui holati fizikiashon Sarvathoi zamini s a kh t (angisht, madan va Sarvathoi zaminii gayrimadan), moe (neft, obhoi minerali) va gazmonand (gazhoi tabiii suzanda va inerti) mesha- vand.
M a n o b e i (resurshoi) m i n e r a l i majmui Sarvathoi zaminii davlatho, qitaho yo ki tamomi jahon buda, baroi taraqqiyoti muhimtarii sohahoi istehsoloti sanoati (energetika, metallurgiyai siyoh va ranga, sanoati khimiya, sokhtmon) zaminai asosi ast. Manobei mineraliro az jihati istifodai sanoati ba guruhhoi zerin judo mekunand: a) manobei suzishvori va energetiki (neft, gazi tabii, angishtsang, varaqsanghoi suzanda, torf, madani uran); b) manobei madan, ki asosi ashyoi khomi metallurgiyai siyoh va ranga meboshad (madanhoi ohan va mangan, khromit, boksit, madanhoi mis, surbu ruh, nikel, volfram, molibden, qalagi, surma, madani metallhoi asil va gayra); v) ashyoi khomi khimiyai kuhi (fosforit, apatit, namakhoi osh, kaliy va magniy, sulfur va payvasthoi on, bor, brom va mahlulhoi yoddor); g) masolehi binokorii tabii va guruhi kaloni Sarvathoi zaminii gayrimadan, inchunin sanghoi rezakori, tekhniki va qimatbaho (marmar, granit, yashm, aqiq, buluri kuhi, bejoda, korund, almos va gayra); d) manobei gidrominerali (obhoi zerizaminii shi- rin va minerali).
Ba guruhho judo kardani manobei minerali sharti ast, zero baze Sarvathoi zamini yakbora dar yakchand sohahoi sanoat kor farmuda meshavand (masalan, neft va gaz na tanho suzishvorii arzon, balki baroi sanoati khimiya muhimtarin ashyoi khomi tekhnologi mebo- shand).
Miqdori ashyohoi khomi mineraliro zakhirahoi Sarvathoi zamini menomand. In zakhiraho dar asosi malumoti iktishofi geologi muayyan karda meshavand. Zakhirahoi Sarvathoi zaminiro ba hisobi metr3 (masalan, gazhoi suzanda, masolehi binokori), tonna (masalan, neft, angisht, madan) va qirot (masalan, almos va digar sanghoi qimatbaho) chen mekunand. Ba miqdori manobei minerali dar asosi zakhirahoi muayyan va iktishofshudai Sarvathoi zamini baho medihand.
Mamlakathoi sotsialisti, makhsusan Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, doroi manobei kaloni mineraliand.
Ittifoqi Soveti az rui zakhirahoi iktishofshuda va istihroji angisht, madani ohan va mangan, namaki kaliy, zakhirahoi torf va asbest dar jahon joi 1-um, isshikhroji gazi tabiiyu asbest joi 2-yum, az jihati zakhira, istikhroj va istehsoli bisyor metallhoi ranga, nurihoi fosfatdor, khromit va gayra niz yake az joyhoi namoyonro ishgol mekunad.
Dar natijai taraqqiyoti istehsoloti sanoatii aksar mamlakatho talabot ba manobei minerali khele afzudaast. Istehsoloti sanoati kuhii jahon har sol 4—8% meafzoyad.
Sarvathoi mineralii zerizamini az nav barqaror nameshavand. Binobar in samarabakhshtar va ba tavri kompleksi istifoda burdani ashyoi khomi minerali, az jumla dar vaqti istikhroj va korkardi on, ba talafshavi roh nadodan yake az vazifahoi muhim ast. Hangomi korkardi kompleksii madan tanho bo istikhroji komponenthoi asosi mahdud shudan lozim nest. Chunonchi, az bisyor madanhoi ohan kobalt, nikel, titan, vanadiy, fosfor va digar elementhoi qimatbaho giriftan mumkin ast. Qarib tamomi elementhoi nodirzamin va parokandae, ki baroi tekhnikai nav zarurand, dar tabiat konhoi mustaqil nadorand va onhoro tanho hangomi korkardi kompleksii madani metallhoi ranga hosil kardan mumkin ast. Istifodai gazi suzandai neft, inchunin sulfur va geliy, ki dar tarkibi gazi tabiii bisyor konho yoft meshavand, ahamiyati muhimi iqtisodi dorand. Obhoi uqyonusi Olam va namakobhoi zerizamini zakhirai muhimi ashyoi khomi mineraliand.
Adabiyot: Tatarinov P. M., Usloviya obrazovaniya mestorojdeniy rudnikh i nerudnikh poleznikh iskopaemikh, 2 izdanie, Moskva, 1963; S m i r n o v V. I., Geologip poleznikh iskopaemikh, 2 izdanie, Moskva, 1969; M i r l i n G. A., Mineralnie bogatstva Soyuza Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, «Planovoe khozyaystvo», 1972, № 11.