ShARIAT

ShARIAT (ap.—qonun, hukm), 1) dar islom, majmui qoidayu qonunhoi dini, normahoi akhloqi, grajdaniyu siyosi va jinoiest, ki baroi hamai musulmonon vojib buda, guyo muminonro az shar va gumrohi amin medoshtaast. Asosi Shariat va manoi istilohii on dar surai «josiya»-i Quron, takid shudaast.

Manbai asosii Shariat Quron, sunnat, qiyos, ijmo, fatvo va odat meboshad. Az bayni onho Quron va sunnat manbai asosi ba shumor rafta, digar manbaho boyad ba goyai asosii onho muvofiqat kunand. Az in ru, doirai faoliyati mutasharreon (qonunguzoron)-i islomi nisbatan mahdud buda, tanho masoili huquqiero mustaqilona hal karda metavonand, ki dar borai onho dar Quron va sunnat ishorae nashudaast.

Avvalin bor chunin majmui qoidayu qonunhoi shariyu diniro asosguzoroni mazhabi sunnii hanifiyayu molikiya va shofeiyayu haanbaliya murattab kardand. Minbad digar namoyandagoni raviyayu mazhabhoi dini onro tagyiru takmil dodand. Binobar on sistemai huquqii Shartiati ahli sunnatu shia doroi baze tafovutho boshad ham, hamai onho doir ba masalahoi umdai shari aqidai mushtarak dorand.

Ahkomi Shariatro mamulan ba du guruh — akhloqi dini va huquqi judo mekunand. Asosi akhloqi diniro arkoni din — kalimai shahodat, namozg, ruza, zakot va haj tashkil medihad. Asosi huquqii Shariat munosibathoi oilaviyu siyosi va shari meboshad, ki ba on huquqi molumulki, merosi, amonatu zamonat, kafolat va jinoiyu grajdani, istifodai zamin va g. dokhil meshavand. Avvalho tamomi umuri shariat bo amru nahy yo khud halolu harom marbut bud. Bad on nisbatan takmil yofta, ba 5 nuqtai asosi judo shud: farz yo vojib — raftoru kirdorest, ki mutobiqi onho amal kardan savob va tarki onho iqob (gunoh) ast va baroi hamai musulmonon hatmist: mandub — raftorest, ki ijroi onho savob buda, tarkashon gunoh nest; mubod yo joiz — majmui raftorest, ki Shariat ijroi onro amru nahy nafarmudaast; makruh — raftorest, ki muvofiqi Shariat gunoh naboshad ham tarki onho peshnihod meshavad; harom—afolest, ki Shariat ijroi onhoro gunoh shumorida, ba on jazohoi gunogun tain kardaast. Bo sababhoi gunogun va dar sharoiti muayyan hukmi shari tagyir yofta, baze umuri harom gohe mubod, gohe mandub, gohe makruh va gohe vojib donista meshavad.

Shariat dar tamomi davrai asrhoi miyona dar mamlakathoi Sharqi musulmoni roli halkunanda bozida, manfiati sinfi hukmronro himoya namudaast va ba istismori khalqi mehnatkash musoidat kardaast. On dar tamomi sohahoi hayoti ijtimoiyu madani resha davonida, hatto ba bisyor masalahoi oilayu ruzgor va hayoti ruzmarrai mehnatkashon tasiri manfi rasonda, mavqei ruhoniyon va zimomdoroni hokimiyatro mustahkam namudaast.

Badi galabap Rev. Kab. Sos. Oktyabr dar respublikahoi Sharqi Soveti Shariat mavqei hukmronii khudro az dast dod va ba joi on qonunhoi navi sosialisti dar amal jori shudand. Dar mamlakathoi taraqqikardai Sharqi musulmoni boshad, az a. 19 cap karda sistemai huquqi burjuazi ba Shariati islomi islohot darovard va holo in jarayon beshtar idoma dorad. 2) yake az zinahoi asosii tasavvuf meboshad, ki onro boyad solik hangomi guazshtan az zinahoi sayru suluk pesh az tariqat tay kunad. Nig. niz. Fiqh.

Ad.: Petrushevskiy I. P., Islam v Irane v VII—XV vekakh. L., 1966; Mullaev M., Proiskhojdenie i reaksionnaya sushnost shariata, D., 1967; Mayalyutov R. R.. Islam, M., 1969; Kerimov G. M., Shariat i ego sosialnaya sushnost, M., 1978; Massa A., Islam, M., 1982.

H.Naqqosh, M. Hazratqulov.