Respublikai Paragvay

Paragvay (Raraguay), R e s p u b l i k a i Paragvay (Republica del Paraguay). Paragvay, davlatest dar qismi markazii Amerikai Janubi. Dar Shimol va Shimolu Garbi bo Boliviya, dar Shimolu Sharq va Sharq bo Braziliya, dar Janub,  va Garb bo Argentina hamsarhad ast. Masohati.—406,8 hazor km². Aholiash 3,3 mln. nafar (1981). Poytakhtash shahri Asunson. Az jihati mamuri ba 16 departament va okrugi poytakht taqsim shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Paragvay — respublika. Konstitutsiyai hoziraash soli 1967 qabul shudaast. Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident, ki uro aholi ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob mekunad. Dar nazdi prezident Soveti davlati amal menunad, ki on huquqi mashvarati dorad. Organi olii qonunbaror — Kongress, ki on az senat va palatai deputatho iborat ast. Sis­temai sudi: Sudi oli, sudhoi appelyatsioni va gayra.

Tabiat. Qismi markazii Paragvayoro past­khamii allyuvialii daryoi Paragvay ishgol kardaast. Dar Janubu Sharq pahnkuhi Braziliya, dar Shimolu Garbii hamvorii Gran-Chako voqe gardidaand. Terr. mamlakat dar sismi chan. garoii platformam Braziliya soy giriftaast. Iqlimash tropiki. Harorati miyonai iyul 17—19°, yanvar 27—29°S. Borishoti solona 700—2000 mm. Daryohoi kalonash: Parana na Paragvay. Kulhoi khurdi bisyorash aksar shuroband. Khoki qismi sharqi mamla­kat surkhi ferroliti. Khoki markaz margzory, khoki qismi garbi surkhi jigari. Az nisf ziyodi territoriyai Paragvayro besha pushidaast. Dar sohilhoi daryoi Paragvay botloq bisyor ast. Olami hayvonatash boy va gunogun (tapir, guroz, sagobi, kashafpusht, ohu va gayra); parranda va mori ziyode dorad.

Aholi. Aholii asosii mamlakat paragvaihoyand. Qarib 30 hazor hindiho hastand. Muhojironi khoriji niz zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — ispani, Aksariyati aholi ba zaboni guarani guftugu mekunad. Dini dav­lati — katoliki. Shahrhoi kalan: Asu­nson, Enkarnason, Konsepson, Vilyarrika, Pilar.

Malumoti tarikhy. Az davrahoi qadim dar territoriyai Paragvay qabilahoi sershumori hindi zindagi mekardand. Qabilai guarani dar sharqi mamla­kat, qabilahoi toba, mokovi, matako dar nohiyahoi Chako maskan karda budaad. Hamai in qabilaho dar zinahoi gunoguni sokhti jamoai ibtidoi budand. Dar nimai duyumi asri 16 mustamlikadoroni Ispaniya ba zabti in sarzamin sar kardand. Avval Paragvay ba hayati shohii Peru dokhil shud, dar a. 17 gubernatorii mustaqil gardid. Dar asri 18 dar mamlakat hunarmand, savdo, munosibathoi moliyu duni inkishof yoftand. Paragvay az soli 1776 muzofoti shohii La-Plata.

Dar natijai shurishi mohi may 1811 Paragvay istiqlol girift va dar mamlakat khuntai revolyutsioni barpo gardid. Soli 1814 ba sari hokimiyat X. G. Fransia omada, diktaturai khudro poydor kard. U ba zamindoroni miyona, khurd va burjuaziyai milli takya namuda, yak qator digargunihoi burjuazi- demokrati guzarond. Soli 1844 konstitustsiyai avvalin qabul karda shud. Barobari inkishofi munosibathoi kapitalisti strukturai jamiyati sinfi ham tagyir yoft. Dar Paragvay sinfi korgar ba vujud omad.

Solhoi 1864—1870 nisfi territoriyai mamlakatro Ar­gentina va Braziliya zabt kardand. Konstitutsiyai soli 1870 hokimiyati pomeshikoni irtijoi va burjuaziyai tijoratiro mustahkam namud. Ba iqtisodiyoti mamlakat khorijiyon roh yoftand. Soli 1887 Partiyai liberali tashkil shud, ki on manfiathoi bur­juaziya va dehqononro himoya mekard. Latifundistoni kalon va harbiyon dar Assotsiatsiyai millii respublikavi («Kolorado») muttahid shudand. Dar davrai Jangi yakumi jahoni Paragvay khudro betaraf elon kard. Zeri tasiri Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr dar Paragvay bar ziddi zulmi oli­garkhiya va imperializmi khoriji harakati studenton va korgaron avj girift.

Solhoi 20 avvalin guruhhoi kommunisti tashkil shudand. Soli 1928 Partii Kommunistii Paragvay tasis yoft. Raqobati monopoliyai nefti Angliya va ShMA ba jangi Paragvay va Boliviya sabab shud. Dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahoni dar Paragvay sohahoi navi sanoat ba vujud omadand, floti tijorati tashkil shud. Mohi fevrali 1945 Paragvay ba Germaniya va Yaponiya jang elon kard. Dar solhoi jang ahvoli mehnatkashon khele bad shud. Apreli 1944, yanvari 1945 dar Asunson korpartoii umumi shuda guzasht. Dar sharoiti boloravii harakati demokra­ti dar jahon badi Jangi duyumi jahoni dar Paragvay baromadhoi ziddihukumati ba amal omadand. Iyuni 1945 dar qismhoi garnizoni poytakht isyon sar shud, ki onro mehnatkashon, burjuaziyai khurd, ziyoiyoni demokrat dastgiri kardand, sardori hukumat— general I. Morinngo az isyon ba haros aftoda ba faoliyati baze par­tiyaho ijozat dod, selzuraro mahdud kard.

Dar miyonai soli 1946 hukumati koalitsioni tashkil shud, ki on ozodihoi grajdaniro barqaror namud. Yanvari 1947 Morinigo bo dastgirii «Kolorado» tabadduloti davlati kar­da, tamomi hokimiyatro az sari nav ba dasti khud darovardu ba muqobili demokratho terrori khunin sar kard. Harakati navi etiroz sar shuda on ba shurishi yaroqnok va bad bajchan­gi grajdalni tabdil yoft. Apreli 1947 mallohon va kishtisozoi shurish bardoshta mohi avgust Asunsonro ba halqa giriftand. Hukumati Morinn­go bo yorii harbii Argentina va ShMA quvvahoi demokratiro ba khun ogushta kard. Partiyahoi oppozidioni nobud karda shudand. Hazoron hazor dushmanoni tartibot ba lagerhoi konsentratsioni partofta shu­dand, bisyoriho ba digar davlatho hijrat yo ba pinkhonkori guzashtand.

Morinigo baroi nigoh doshtani hokimiyat muvaffaq shud, ammo mukholifat dar rohbariyati «Kolorado» borho ba sayu kushishi ba amal barovardani tabadduloti davlati sabab shud. Iyuni 1948 hukumatti Mo­rinigo sarnagun shud; dar 2 soli minbada dar mamlakat 4 hukumat ivaz shud. Sentyabri 1949 yake az rohbaroni «Kolorado» — F. Javes prezi­dent intikhob gardid. Javes bo dast­girii Argentina va bo ishtiroki monopoliyahoi Britaniyai Kabir kuushishi az tarafi «Kolorado» va par­tiyai oppozitsioni ba amal barovardani tabadduloti davlatiro barham dod. Javes bo ShMA shartnomahoi harbi-siyosi va bo Argentina shartnomahoi tijorati va iqtisodi bast. May 1954 dar natijai tabaddu­loti harbi, ki onro saforatkhonahoi ShMA va Braziliya dastgiri namudand, hukumati Javes sarnagun gardid. Hokimiyatro khuntai harbi bo sardorii sarfarmondehi quvvahoi musallah A. Stresner ba dast darovard; mohi iyun u prezident shud.

Stresner dar mamlakat tartiboti diktaturai harbi-politsiyagiro jori kard. Faoliyati partiyahoi oppozitsioni, nashri gazeta va jurnalhoi opiozitsioni man karda shu­dand. Quvvahoi peshqadami mamla­kat — korgaron, ziyoiyoni peshqadam, studenton, inchunin ahli din bar ziddi amaliyoti ziddikonstitutsioni va imperializmi khoriji baromad kardand. May — sentyabri 1959 dar Asun­son baromadhoi ziddlhukumatii studenton ruy dod. Ba muborizai yaroqnoki ziddi diktatura Fronti yagonai ozodii milli (1959 dar kho­rija barpo shud) rohbari kard. Otryadhoi Front dar mamlakat ba ama­liyoti partizani guzashtand. Solhoi 1961, 1964, 1967 korpartoihoi kaloni ommavi shuda guzasht.

Hukumat bo yorii quvvahoi musallah har yak harakatro berahmona pakhsh kard. Dar zeri fishori oppozitsiyai dokhili va khoriji Stresner az may 1967 majburan ba faoliyati partiyahoi Li­berali — radikali, Liberali va Revolyutsionii febreristi ijozat dod. Stresner ba monopoliyahoi amerikoi imtiyozhoi vase dod. Sarfi nazar az jazovu fishorp hukumat (taqriban 1 mln nafar paragvaiho hijrat kar­dand) khalqi Paragvay bar ziddi diktatura muborizai qati mebarad. Fevrali 1973 Stresner az konstitutsiyai soli 1967 qabul kardashuda istifoda na­muda, 5-um bor prezident «intikhob» shud. Doirahoi hukmron siyosati reaksionii ziddikhalqiro davom medodand, dar mamlakat misli peshtara terror hukmron bud.

Dar ayni zamon muqobilati quvvahoi demokrati niz zurtar megardid. Soli 1980 korgaroni korkhonahoe, ki pobandi kapitali khoriji budand, inchunin ronandagoni avtobusho, korgaron — binokoron, bofandagon, korkunoli sohai tandurusti va digar korpartoi kardand. Kommuniston hamai quvvahoi ziddi diktaturaro baroi tashkil namudani fronti vasei milli, hukumati muvaqqatii harbi — grajdanii yagonagii demokrati va vatandusti davat mekardand. Avgusti 1980 dar poytakhti Argentina Buenos-Ayres Kotibi yakumi KM Partiyai Kommunistii Pa­ragvay A. Maydana va yake az rohbaroni korgaron — binokoroni Parag­vay E. Roa duzdida shudand. Qismati minbadan onho to hol nomalum meboshad. Solhoi 1981—1982 ham vaziyat hej tagyir nayoft. Dar mamlakat mis­li peshtara tartiboti diktaturai Harbi — politsiyagii Stresner jorist.

Partiyahoi siyosi, ittifoqhoi kasaba. Assotsiatsiyai millii respublikavi (partiyai «Kolo­rado»). Tasisash 1887. Partiyai hukmron. Manfiathoi oligarkhiyai pomeshiki, burjuaziyai kompradori, ofitseroni olirutba va qismi ruhoniyoni irtijoiro himoya mekunad. Par­tiyai liberalii Tasisash soli 1887. Partiyai oppozitsioni, legali. Dar ayni zamon ba 5 fraksiya (amalan partiyahoo) judo shudaast. P a r t i ya i revolyutsionii febrer isti. Tasisash 1936. Partiyai legalii oppozitsionii sotsial-demokrati. Partiyai kh r i s t i a n i -demokrati. Tasisash 1965. Partiyai oppozitsioni. Harakati khalqii «Kolorado». Tasisash 1959. Partiyai oppozitsionii gayrilegali. P a r t i ya i Kommunistii Pa­ragvay (PKP). Tasisash 1928. Dar vaziyati gayrilegali amal me­kunad. Konfederatsiyai m e h natkashoni Paragvay. Ta­sisash 1951. Dar Paragvay boz chand partiyayu ittifoqhoi kasaba vujud dorand.

Khojagi. Paragvay az jihati iqtisodi yake az qafomondatarin davlathoi Ame­rikai Lotini meboshad. Sohahoi asosii khojagii on: chorvodori va jangalparvari. Hamagi 2,1% territoriyai baroi kisht istifoda meshavad. 59,6% territoriyai mamlakatro besha pushidaast, 34% territoriya az charogoh iborat ast. Baroi khojagii qishloqi mamlakat zamindorii kalon khos ast. Pomeshikon, firma va shirkathoi khoriji mavqei mustahkam dorand. Mamlakat pobaidi kapitali khorijist.

X o j a g i i  q i sh l o q. Zamin asosan dar dasti latifundistho va shirkathoi khoriji meboshad. Qarib nisfi dekhqonon zamin nadorand va onro bo narkhi nihoyat garon ba ijora megirand. Sohai asosii khojagii qishloq chorvodorii ayloqist. Soli 1981 mam­lakat 6 mln sar gov, 27 hazor sar kharu khachir, 375 hazor sar asp, 500 hazor gusfand dosht. Talaboti aholi ba mahsuloti khurokvori qone gardonda nameshavad. Juvorimakka. ma­niok, inchunnn sholi, gandum, batat, lubiyo kisht meshavad. Tamoku, joy, pakhta, qahva, tungro baroi eksport parvarish mekunand. Tokdori va sharobpazi taraqqi kardaast. Az navi darakhtoni qimatbaho chubu takhta tayyor mekunand.

S a n o a t sust taraqqi kardaast. Korkhonaho khurdu kamiqtidorand. Sohahoi asosii sanoat: korkhonahoi mahsuloti gusht, chubu takhta, fabrikahoi matoi pakhtagin va pashmin, zavodhoi istehsoli mahsuloti neft va sement, korkhonahoi istehsoli ravgani tung, iorjil, efir, nushokihoi spirtdor va bespirt, fabrikahoi tamoku, zavodhoi qand. Yanchand GES dorad. GES-i kalonash «Akaray» dar daryoi Akaray bunyod yofta, soli 1969 ba kor daromadaast. Bo hamkorii Braziliya dar daryoi Parana GZS-i «Saltos-de-Gu- ayra» sokhta shudaast. Naqliyoti aso­si naqliyoti obi meboshad. Bandari kalonash— Asunson. Tuli rohi ohan 1,3 hazor km. Darozii rohi moshingard 8 hazor km. (1981). Paragvay ba khorija gusht, chubu takhta, tamoku, ravgani tung va

norjil, pakhta, choy, qahva barovarda, az khorija moshin va tajhizot, vositahoi naqliyot, khurokvori va gayra meorad. Sharikoni tijoratiash: ShMA, Argentina, RFG, Britaniyai Kabir. Vohidi pul — guarani.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Bino ba malumoti tashkiloti umumijahonii nigahdorii tandurusti soli 1971 ba 1 hazor nafar aholi 32.3 tavallud, 5,6 favt rost meomad: favti kudakoni navzod az har hazor nafar 33,6 kas bud. Sababhoi asosii favt: en­terit va digar kasalihoi ruda, kasalihoi dilu rag, iflosi. Kasali­hoi infeksionii varaja, gripp, surkhcha, kasalihoi jimoi, dardi sil, makhav beshtar pahn gardidaand. Soli 1971 dar mamlakat 132 kasalkhonai doroi 3,8 hazor kat (2,1 kat.ba 1 hazor nafar aholi) bud; 1,3 hazor nafar dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 1,6 hazor nafar aho­li), 383 dukhturi dandon, 818 farma­sevt va qarib 1,5 hazor kormandi doroi malumoti miyonai tib kor mekard.

Maorif. Soli 1973 26% aholi besavod bud. Maktabhoi ibtidoi 3 kheland: zinai poyoni (3-sola), miyona (5-sola) va oli (6-sola). Soli tahsili 1970/71 dar maktabhoi malu­moti umumi 424,2 hazor talaba mekhond. Maktabi miyonai malumoti umumi az du zina (muhlati tahsil 3 sol) iborat ast. Muhlati tahsil dar mak­tabhoi kasbhoi tekhniki az 2 to 6 sol meboshad. Omuzishgohhoi pedago­gii 3-sola muallimoni maktabhoi ibtidoi, instituthoi pedagogii 2-sola muallimoni zinai 1-umi maktabhoi miyona tayoyor mekunand. Paragvay 2 universitet do­rad: Universiteti millii Asunson (tasi­sash 1890) va Universiteti katolikii «Nuestra Senora de la Asunson» (ta­sisash 1960). Soli tahsili 1972/73 dar universitetho 6,7 hazor student mekhond. Kitobkhonai milli, Muzei millii sanati nafisa va yodgorihoi qadi­ma, Muzei tabiatshinosi, tarikh va etnografiya dar poytakht voqeand.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Dar Paragvay 10 gazetai harruza mebaroyad. Kalontarini onho: «Patriya» («Ratria»), az soli 1946; organi «Kolorado», «Pais» («El Pais»), az 1923; «Tribuna» («La Tribuna»), az 1925; «Adelante* («Adelante»), organi markazii Partiyai Kommunistii Parag­vay, gayrilegali nashr meshavad. Gazetahoi haftaina «Libertad» («La Libertad»), az 1962, organi Partiyai liberali; «Puzblo» («El Pueblo»), az 1964, organi Partiyai revolyutsionii febreristi («frankisti»); «Enano» («El Enano»), organi Partiyai liberali-radikali. Televizion va radio davlatiand. Paragvay 1 radiostansiyai davlati — «Radio nasional» va 16 radiostansiyai khususi dorad. Stansiyai televizioni «Televisioi Serro- Kora» khususist.

Adabiyot. Adabiyoti Paragvay ba zabonhoi ispani va guarani inknshof meyobad. Dar davrai mustamlika budani Paragvay (az ibtidoi asri 16 to ibtidoi asri 19) adabiyoti khatti taqriban vujud nadosht. Asosguzori lirikai vatandusti N. M. Talavera (1839—1867) avvalin shoiri romantik bud. Okhiri asri 19 navisandagoni marifatparvar ba maydon omadand. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 goyahoi marifatparvari mavqei muhim ishgol ne­mudand va dar in bobat faoliyati yajodii shoiron X. E. O’Liri, M. Or­tis Gerrero va digaron jolibi diqqat ast. Shoir X. Korrea (1908—1954) ba dramaturgiyai milli sahmi arzanda guzosht. Solhoi 20 asri 20 nasri badey inkishof yoft. Romani A. Roa Bastos «Farzandi odam» (1960), ki az qismati khalq hikoyat mekunad, dar adabiyoti Paragvay voqeai muhimme gardad. Tartiboti diktaturai harbi-politsiyagi navisandagoni Paragvayro vodor menamoyad, ki dar khorija zindagi kunand.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Dar bayni qabilahoi hindiyone, ki dar territoriyai Paragvay umr ba sar burda, bo saydi mohi va dehqoni mashgul budand, az qadimulayyom sanati dar safol va libos partoftani gulu naqshhoi ranga mamul bud. Dar davrai mustamlika budani Paragvay memoron — zohidoni katoliki dahho boshishgohhoi quhandizdor bino kardand. Asrhoi 17—18 bo uslubi barokko ibodatkhona va kalisohoi sangin sokhta shudand. Shahrhoi Paragvay bo shakli rostkunja bino yofta, odatan du maydon (dar yake kaliso, dar digare ratusha) dosht. Badi ba dast ovardani istiqloliyat shahrhoi Paragvay az nav sokhta shudand, bo uslubi klassitsizm va Ehyoi italiyavi qasru binohoi jamiyati bino yoftand; sokhtani binohoi istiqomatii 2—3 qabatai sangin beshtar ahamiyat paydo kard. To soli 1945 dar sanati memorii Parogvay neok­lassitsizm hukmron bud.

Badi 1945 dar Paragvay binohoi zamonavi, sanoati va istiqomati ba vujud omadand. Avvalin rassomoni mahalli (manzarakash S. Rios, portretkash A. Garsia) dar miyonai asri 19 dar asarhoi khud hayoti khalqiro inikos kardand. Dar asri 20 hayot va tarikhi khalq dar ejodiyoti rassom Alborno, haykaltarosh V. Polyarolo inikos yoftaast. Turbofi, sokhtani har guna haykalchayu zarfhoi gili, asbobhoi ustukhonivu chubi, gardanbandhoi nuqraginu misin va digar kasbu hunarhoi ananavii khalqi taraqqi kardaast. Sanati khudi hindiyon (khimchabofi, kuloli, az pari murg sokhtani har guna as­bobhoi oroish va gayra) niz boqi mondaast.

Musiqi. Dar bayni hindiyoni gua­rani surudu raqshoi dini, harbi va marosimi az davrahoi qadim mamul ast. Surnayu naqora, shaqshaqa va gayra asbobhoi musiqii milliand. Dar bayni kreolho ananahoi musiqii Evropa rivoj yoftaast. Madaniyati musiqii kasbi az choryaki duyumi asri 19 ru ba taraqqi nihod. Okhiri asri 19— ibtidoi asri 20 dar Paragvay avvalin muassisaho, jamiyat va assotsiatsiyahoi musiqi tashkil shudand. Dar Asuns­on omuzishgohi pedagogii musiqi va chand maktabi musiqii khususi hast.

Teatr. Tarikhi teatri Paragvay asosan az asri 16 ogoz meyobad. Dar miyonahoi asri 16 namoishhoe ba sahna guzoshta shudand, ki mazmuni dini doshtand. Teatri milli dar miyonahoi asri 19 ru ba taraqqi nihod. Soli 1958 dar Asunsion avvalin binoi teatr sokhta shud. Dar miyonahoi asri 20 teatri guarani taraqqi kard. Tartiboti harbi-politsiyagie, ki holo dar mamlakat hukmfarmost, ba ravnaqi sanati milli imkon namedihad.

Ad.: Goni oiskiy S. A., Ocherki noveyshey istorii stran Latinskoy Ame­riki, M., 1964; Nito burg, E. L., Pa­ragvay, M., 1964; Romero d.. Rodniki paragvayskoy poezii, dar machm. «Prob­lemi ideologii i nasionalnoy kultu­ri stran Latinskoy Ameriki»», M., 1967.