RESPUBLIKAI GABON

RESPUBLIKAI  GABON (NoriN-Chie Saopa1ze), Gabon, davlatest dar Afrikai Markazi. Ba Ittihodi Fransiya dokhil ast. Dar Shimoli Garb bo Gvineyai Ekvatori, dar Shimol bo Kamerun, dar Shimoli Sharq, Sharq, Janubi Sharq va Janub bo Respublikai Kongo hamsarhad meboshad. Onro az Garb uqyonusi Atlantik ihota kardaast. Masohatash 267,7 hazor kilometr. Aholiash 1,2 million nafar. (1982). Poytakhtash shahri Librevil. Az jihati mamuri ba 9 rayon judo shuda, onho ba okrugu kommunaho taqsim gardidaand.

Sokhti davlati. Konstitusiyai hozirai respublika fevrali 1961 qabul shudaast. (solhoi 1967 va 1968 ba on tagyirot dokhil karda shud). Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident, ki uro aholi ba muhlati 7 sol intikhob mekunad. Prezident, noib-rais va azoyoni hukumat — Soveti Vaziron dar nazdi parlament masul nameboshand. Parlament — Majlisi millii yakpalatagi ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob meshavad. Sistemai sudi: Sudi oli, sudi apellyatsioni va sudhoi instansiyai yakum.

Tabiat. Respublikai  Gabon  dar zonai beshahoi ekvatori va subekvatori voqe gardidaast. Qismi dokhilii Respublikai  Gabonro kuhu pushtakuhho faro giriftaand. Kuhhoi Shayyu, ki dar qismi markazii Respublikai  Gabon   voqeand, az hama balandtarand (quhi Ibunji, 1580 metr). Dar shimol garbtari onho kuhhoi Bulurin (quhi Dana, 1000 metr) tul kashidaand. Dar Garb, qad-qadi sohili uqyonusi Atlantik pastii hamvor (barash to 200 kilometr) voqe ast. Sarvathoi zerizamini: madani mangan, uran, madani ohan, neft, gaz va gayra. Iqlimash garmi sernam, dar Shimol— ekvatori, dar Garb va Janub— subekvatori. Harorati miyonai iyul 22—24°Selsiya, aprel 25—27*Selsiya. Borishoti solona 1500—2000 millimetr, dar mintaqai sohili to 2500—3000 millimetr. Daryoho bisyor va puroband. Daryoi kalonash Ogove. Bisyor daryoho va poyonobashon kishtigardand. Taqriban 80%-i territoriyai  Respublikai  Gabonro beshahoi anbuhi hameshasabz faro giriftaast. Khokash zardi surkhchatobi lateriti. Dar beshaho bisyor darakhtoni qimatbaho vomekhurand. Mintaqai sohilro beshahoi mangra pushidaast. Olami hayvonotash boy va gunogun: fil, shohbarzagov, chand khel ohu; darran-daho — palang, kaftor; maymunhoi odamshakl — gorilla va shimpanze; dar daryoho bahmut, timsoh; parranda, morhoi gunogun va hasharot (az jumla pashshai sese) bisyor ast.

Aholi. Aholii Respublikai  Gabon   asosan az khalqhoi bantuzabon: bakele (banyabi), fang, mpongve, bakota, bateke iborat ast. Khalqhoi maka, bakongo, bavili va digar niz zindagi mekunand. Az evropoiho asosan fransaviho (taqriban 20 hazor nafar) hastand. Zaboni rasmi — fransavi, ammo qismi ziyodi aholi ba zabonhoi fang, banyabi yo in ki ba zaboni bakota gap mezanad. 42%-i aholi katolik, 23% protestant, 34% payravi dinu oini ananavii qadima, 1% musulmon. 20%-i aholi dar shahrho istiqomat mekunad. Shahrhoi kalon: Librevil va Port-Jantil.

Malumoti tarikhi. Tarikhi qadima va asrhoi miyonai Respublikai  Gabon   purra omukhta nashudaast. Aholii qadimtarini mamlakat, zohiran, pigmeyho budand, dertar ba in sarzamin khalqhoi bantu omadand. Asrhoi 18—19 qabilai az shimol omadai fang aholii tahjoiro ba janub tang karda barovard. Dar davrai ba mamlakat roh yoftani evropoiho (az hama pesh soli 1485 bahrnavardoni Portugaliya roh yoftand) khalqhoi Respublikai  Gabon  davrai tamazzuli sokhti avlodivu qabilavi va tashakkuli munosibathoi sinfiro az sar meguzaronidand. Gulomfurushoni Evropa (Portugaliya, Fransiya, Gollandiya, Angliya) va Amerika hanuz dar asri 16 Respublikai  Gabonro dar Afrikai Ekvatori ba yake az manbahoi asosii shikori gulomon tabdil dodand. Fransaviho soli 1849 dar sohili chapi khaliji Gabon avvalin boshishgohi khudro bunyod namuda, ba istiloi mamlakat shuru kardand. Khalqhoi Respublikai  Gabon   ba istilogaroni fran-savi muqobilati sakht nishon dodand. Muborizai ziddi mustamlikadoron to Jangi yakumi jahoni davom kard. Respublikai  Gabon  az jihati mamuri avval yak qismi Kongoi fransavi bud, az soli 1886 vohidi alohidai mamuri shud; soli 1903 rasman koloniya (solhoi 1910 —58 dar hayati Afrikai Ekvatorii fransavi bud) elon karda shud. Dar davrai mustamlikadori Respublikai  Gabon   ba manbai asosii ashyoi khomi Fransiya tadbil yoft. Qismi ziyodi mamlakat ba shirkathoi Fransiya bo rohi konsessiya taqsim karda doda shud. Dehqononro ba kishti ziroati eksportshavanda (qahva, kakao, chormagzi zamini) majbur mekardand. Aholi berahmona istismor karda meshud.

Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni harakati millii ozodikhohi mutashakkil va ommavi gardid. Solhoi 40—50 avvalin partiyahoi milli (Bloki demokratii Gabon, Ittifoqi demokrati va sotsialii Gabon, Partiyai yagonagii millii Gabon va gayra) va ittifoqhoi kasaba tasis yoftand. Dar sharoiti tanazzuli sistemai mus-tamlikadori  Fransiya ba yak qator guzashthoi siyosi majbur shud. Soli 1946 Assambleyai territoriyavi, soli 1957 Soveti hukumati (avvalin dar mamlakat hukumate, ki dar on afrikoiyon ishtirok doshtand) tash-kil shud. Soli 1958 Respublikai  Gabon  ba mukhtoriyati dokhili sohib shuda, azoi Ittihodi Fransiya gardid. Khudi hamon sol mamlakat respublika elon karda shud. Fevrali 1959 konstitutsiyai avvalini on qabul gardida, muvofiqi on Soveti hukumati ba Soveti Vaziron, Assambleyai territoriyavi ba Assambleyai qonunbaror tabdil yoft. 15 iyuli 1960 hukumati  Fransiya majbur shud bo hukumati Respublikai  Gabon    oid ba etirofi istiqloliyati Gabon ahdnoma bandad. 17 avgusti 1960 istiqloliyati Respublikai  Gabon   elon karda shud. Sentyabri 1960 Respublikai  Gabon    azoi TDM gardid. Fevrali 1961 konstitutsiyai nav qabul karda shud va peshvoi partiyai hukmron — bloki demokratii Gabon L. Mba prezident gardid. Siyosati ziddidemokratii dokhilii hukumati Mba (ta-qibi oppozitsiyahoi siyosi, zeri nazorat giriftani faoliyati ittifoqhoi kasaba va digar tashkilothoi jamiyati, mahdud namudani ozodii matbuot) vaziyatro dar mamlakat nihoyat tezu tund kard. 18 fevrali 1964 armiya bo dastgirii quvvahoi oppozitsioni hukumati Mbaro sarnagun kard. Ba sari Hukumati muvaqqati peshvoi Ittifoqi demokrati va sotsialii Respublikai  Gabon    J. I. Obama omad. Mba bo yorii qushunhoi fransavi hokimiyatro boz ba dast ovard. Dar mamlakat taqibot sar shud. Badi vafoti Mba (noyabri 1967) prezidenti nav A. Bongo mohi marti 1968 tasis yoftani Partiyai demokratii Respublikai  Gabonro elon namud.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyai demokratii G a b o n (tasisash 1968). Yagona partiyai hukmron. Tashkili digar partiyaho man karda shudaast. Markazi yagonai ittifoqhoi kasaba — K o nfederasiyai ittifoqhoi kasabai Gabon («tasisash 1969).

Khojagi. Zakhirahoi tabiii Respublikai  Gabon    boy va gunogun ast. Dar davrai mustamlikadori iqtisodiyoti mamlakat muddati daroz tanho baroi istehsoli chubi qimatbaho (baroi eksport) makhsus gardonida shuda bud. Az okhiri solhoi 50 dar mamlakat istikhroji sarvathoi zerizamini sar shud va sanoati kuhkori ru ba taraqqi ni- hod. Respublikai  Gabon   dar jahoni kalitalisti az rui istehsoli madani mangan yake az joyhoi avvalro ishgol mekunad. Xojagii qishloqi on asosan kharakteri naturali doshta, shahrho va markazhoi sanoatiro bo khurokvori purra tamin karda nametavonad. Dar khojagii qishloq khojagihoi khurdi dehqoni bartari dorand. Hamagi 127 hazor gektar zamin kisht karda meshavad. Ziroati asosii eksportshavanda: qahva va kakao; yak qismi chormagzi zamini va murch niz eksport meshavad. Ba gayr az in maniok, banan, juvorimakka, sholi, nakhli ravgandeh, taro, yams parvarish mekunand. Az sababi sa- rosar pahn shudani pashshai sese chorvodori sust taraqqi kardaast. Az uqyonusi Atlantik mohi, nahang sayd mekunand. Shikor inkishof yoftaast.

Sanoat. Sohai asosii iqtisodiyoti Respublikai  Gabon   sanoati kuhkorist, ki tanho baroi eksport mahsulot mebarorad va zeri nazorati shirkathoi khoriji meboshad. Az mintaqai sohili va shelfi hamshafati on neft va gazi tabii, shirkathoi gunoguni khorichi ba miqdori ziyod mangan, tillo madani ohan va uran istikhroj meku- nand. Sanoati chubgari dar iqtisodiyoti mamlakat ahamiyati duyumda- raja dorad. Korkhonahoi in soha az navi darakhtoni qimatbaho takhta, faneri alosifat tayyor mekunand. Dar respublika chand GidroElektro Stansiyai khurd kor mekunad. Dar Respublikai  Gabon, gayr az korkhonahoi kaloni sanoati, korkhonahoi khurd ham nihoyat bisyorand. Avtomobil naqliyoti asosi meboshad; darozii rohhoi avtomobilgard qarib 7,2 hazor kilometr; darozii rohhoi naqliyoti obi ziyoda az 1700 kilometr. Bandarhoi kaloni bahri: Port-Jantil va Librevil. Dar Librevil va Port- Jantil aeroporthoi baynalkhalqi voqe gardidaand. Respublikai  Gabon  ba khorija asosan neft, madani mangan, uran, chubu takhta, qahva, kakao, chormagzi zamini barovarda, az khorija moshin va tajhizoti vositahoi naqliyot, khu- rokvori, metall, gazvor megirad. Sharikoni tijoratiash:           Fransiya, Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika,  Respublikai Federativii Germaniya va Britaniyai Kabir.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Dar solhoi 1960—61 ba 1000 nafar aholi 35 tavallud, 30 favt rost omad; favti kudakon ba 1000 kudaki navzod 229 nafar bud. Dar mamlakat tablarza, nagzak, saratoni jigar va gayra pahn shudaast. Soli 1967 dar muassisahoi tabobatii mamlakat 4,8 hazor kat (10,1 kat ba 10.000 aholi) bud. Ba gayr az in 4 ambulatoriya, 1 poliklinika, 25 markazi nigahdorii tandurusti, 90 dispanser kor mekard. Soli 1967 80 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 5,9 hazor aholi), 2 dukhturi dandon, 12 farmasevt, 38 akusher, 175 hamshirai tibbi ba aholi khizmat merasond.

Maorif. To davrai ba dast ovardani istiqloliyat 77% aholii az 14- sola bolo besavod bud. Talimi bachagoni 6—16-sola hatmist. Maktabhoi khususi zeri nazorati davlatand. Zinai avvali talim az bogchahoi bachagona sar meshavad. Soli 1967 dar muassisahoi tomaktabi ziyoda az 600 kudak tarbiya yoft. Muhlati tahsil dar maktabi miyonai purra (litsey) 7 sol, dar maktabi miyonai nopurra (kollej) 4 sol. Dar bazai maktabhoi ibtidoi litsey va maktabhoi tekhniki amal mekunand. Talim ba zaboni fransavi. Maktabi oli nadorad. Kadrhoi doroi malumoti oli dar khorija tayyor karda meshavand.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Agentii rasmii akhboroti Respublikai  Gabon    soli 1961 tashkil shudaast. On chandin byulle- ten va chand gazetayu jurnal nashr mekunad. Bonufuztarini onho: «Byulten kotiden denformason» («ViIeIp OioShgyop y 1shogtaPop», «Gabond dojurdyui» («Oaop b aid- oig4’i|»); jurnali «Jurnal ofisel de la Resyublik Gabonez» («1oiga1 OShs1e1 de 1a NeriNsie Saopadae»). Sistemai radio va televizion davlatist. Librevil va Port-Jantil stansiyahoi televizion dorand.

Sanati khalqi. Kandakorii chub, az ustukhoni fil tayyor kardani har guna masnuot, buryobofi, bofandagi va gayra az qadim dar bayni khalqhon Respublikai  Gabon    mamul meboshad. Az chub taroshidani haykalchahoi gunogun, bo takhtahoi mis rukash namudani mujao samachaho — «mbulu-ngumu» khususiyathoi milli dorand.

RESPUBLIKAI  GELON respublikae, ki dar natijai harakati ozodikhohii milli, ki solhoi 1918—22 dar Geloni Eron ba vujud omada bud. 4 iyuni 1920 dastahoi musallahi inqilobi az jangalhoi Fuman ba markazi muzofoti Gelon — shahri Rasht omada, onro ishgol namudand. 5 iyun Gelon respublika elon karda shud. Hukumati muvaqqati va bo sardorii Mirzo Kuchakkhon Shuroi hifzi inqilob tasis yofta, chunin programmaro peshnihod kard: barqaror na- mudani respublika dar Eron, az etibor soqit donistani hamai shartnomahoi noodilonae, ki davlathoi imperialisti ba gardani Eron bor karda budand, az Eron barovardani qushunhoi Angliya, jori kardani barobarhuquqii millatho, ittifoq bastan bo Rossiyai Soveti, barqaror kardani khojagii mamlakat, guzaronidani islohoti demokrati va «hifzi islom». Dar Gelon Fronti yagonai milli tashkil yoft, ki on namoyandagoni burjuaziyai tojir, zamindoroni khurdu miyona, korgaron, muzduron, kommunistonro muttahid mekard. Dastahoi musallahi khalqi Gelon va yak qismi Mozandaronro (to shahri Borfurush) ba dast darovardand. Hukumati Kuchakkhon az vusati re-volyutsiyai mehnatkashon ba vahm aftoda, naguzosht, ki on inkishof yobad. Ba zammi in dar safi Partiyai Kommunistii Eron unsurhoi chap qati nazar az vaziyati mamlakat, favran guzaronidani islohotro talab mekardand. In va boz baze khatoihoi digar boisi parokandashavii (iyuli 1920) Fronti yagonai milli gardid. Kuchakkhon az hokimiyat dast kashid. 31 iyuli 1920 bo sardorii Ehsonullohkhon hukumati nav tashkil yoft, ki onro kommuniston dastgiri namudand. In hukumat siyosati ziddifeodaliro pesh girift. On 31 avgust be tayyorii zaruri ba Tehron lashkar kashid va shikast khurd. Kommunis- ton az in siyosati Ehsonullohkhon norozi shuda, istefoi uro talab namudand. Avvali mai 1920 majlisi yakjoya bo ishtiroki namoyandagoni Kuchakkhon, Ehsonullohkhon, KhaluQurbon va Partiyai kommunisti dar borai barqaror namudani Fronti yagonai milli qaror qabul kard. Hukumati Ehsonullohkhonro 8 mai 1920 hukumati nav (Komiteti inqilobi) ivaz kard, qi Kuchakkhon sardorash bud. 4 avgusti 1921 Gelon Respublikai Soveti elon gardida, chunin programmaro peshbini kard: ba dehqonon taqsim karda dodani zaminhoi musodirashudai zamindoroni kalon, tashkili armiyai yagona, ba markazi muborizai ziddi shoh va imperialistoni anglis tabdil dodani Gelon, barqaror kardani munosibati dustona bo Davlati Soveti va gayra. Komiteti inqilobi baroi bekhtar gardondani vazi maorif, hifzi tandurusti, taminoti ijtimoi (talimi  bepul, mahvi besavodi, sokhtani bogchahoi bachagon, bemorkhonaho va gayra) tadbirho andeshid. Ittifoqhoi kasabai korgaron tashkil yoftand. Vale bunyodi Fronti yagonai milli ustuvor nabud. Badi muddate chand ikhtilofi dokhilii on az nav quvvat girift. 29 sentyabri 1921 Kuchakkhon rohbaroni Partiyai kommunistiro khoinona ba qatl rasonda, tabadduloti aksulinqilobi guzaronid va tashkilothoi kommunistiro torumor namud. Dar Gelon jangi grajdani sar shud. Hukumati shoh az in istifoda burda, bo sardorii Rizokhon ba Gelon lashkar kashid. 2 noyabri 1921 Rizokhon Rashtro ishgol namud va Respublikai  Gelon  barham khurd. Inqilobchiyon ba jazoi sakht giriftor shudand.

Adabiyot: I v a n o v M. S., Nasionalno- osvoboditelnoe dvijenie v Irane, Moskva, 1961; Istoriya Irana, Moskva, 1977.

T. Muhiddinov.