RESPUBLIKAI AFRIKAI MARKAZI

RESPUBLIKAI AFRIKAI MARKAZI, davlatest dar Afrikai Markazi. Az Garb va Janubi Garb bo Kamerun, az Janub bo Kongo va Zair, az Shimoli Garb bo respublikai Chad, az Shimoli Sharq bo Sudon hamsarhad ast. Masohatash 623 hazor kilometr2. Aholiash 2,5 million nafar (1982). Poytakhtash shahri Bangi. Az jihati mamuri ba 15 prefektura judo meshavad.

Sokhti davlati. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM — mutlaqiyati konstitutsioni. Konstitutsiyai joriash 4 dekabri 1976 qabul shudaast. Az soli 1981 tamomi hokimiyat dar dasti Komiteti tajaddudi harbii milli bo sardorii general Kolingba. Sardori davlat va hukumat niz Kolingba meboshad. Organi qonunbaror — Maj-lisi milli, ki ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob meshavad. Sistemai sudi: Sudi oli, sudhoi apellyatsioni, jinoyati va grajdani.

Tabiat. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM dar havzai daryohoi Ubangi (havzai Kongo) va Shari, dar mintaqai savannaho va beshai siraki mintaqai subekvatori joy giriftaast. Qismi ziyodi mamlakatro balandii Azande faro giriftaast, ki on ba du nohiyai kuhi: Fortit (dar Sharq) va Yade (dar Garb) taqsim shudaast. Dar Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM inchunii qatorkuhhoi balandiashon besh az 1000 metr (Bongos, Gau) hastand. Dar shimoli mamlakat balandii Azande tadrijan ba hamvorii takht badal mesha-vad. Khokash surkhi zardchatob va surkhi lateriti. Sarvathoi asosii zerizamini: almos, uran, tillo, nikel, mangan, kobalt, mis va gayra. Iqlimash ekvatorii mussoni, garm. Harorati mohi garmtarin 31°Selsiya, khunuktarin 21°Selsiya. Borishoti solona 1000—1600 millimetr. Daryohoi kalon: Ubangi, Sanga, Shari, Mambere, Bamingi va gayra. Dar mamlakat beshtar savannahoi balandalaf, dar Shimoli Sharq savannahoi muqarrari, dar Janub beshahoi hameshasabzi tropiki mavjudand. Olami hayvonot: fil, karkadan, shohbarzagov, zarrofa, antilopa, sher, palang, shagol, kaftor, bahmut, timsoh, morhoi gunogun, kaltakalos va gayra. Dar mamlakat boghoi kaloni milli hast.

Akholi. Aholi ba du guruhi zabonii bantu va sudoni mansub ast. Khalqiyathoi banda, gbayya, azande, inchunin manja, sara va digar zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — fransavi, zaboni sango beshtar pahn shudaast. Besh az 60% aholi payravi dinu oini mahalliand, 35% nasroni (beshtar katolik), boqimonda musulmonand. Shahrhoi kalon: Bangi, Berberati, Bosangoa, Bambari va gayra.

Ocherki tarikhi. Tarikhi qadimi khalqhoi Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM purra omukhta nashudaast. Dar asri 16 qismi shimoli garbii territoriyai hozirai on ba hayati davlati Bagirmi dokhil bud. Dar miyonai asri 19 qismhoi alohidai territoriyai on ba davlathoi Darfur va Vadai tobe shud. Dar okhiri asri 19 qismi ziyodi Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM ba hayati davlati Rabbaq dokhil bud. Okhiri asri 19 ba territoriyai hozirai Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM evropoiho sar darovardand. Soli 1894 mustamlikadoroni Fransiya tamomi baynannahrayni Ubangi va Sha-riro zabt va ba hayati Kongon Fransiya hamroh kardand. Az soli 1904 mamlakat dar hayati mustamlikai Ubangi-Shari-Chad, az soli 1910 dar hayati federatsiyai Afrikai Ekvatorii Fransiya bud; soli 1914 Chad az Ubangi-Shari judo shud. Aholii mahalli ba mustamlikadoron muqobilati sakht nishon medod. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—45) dar Ubangi-Shari harakati milliyu ozodikhohona avj girift. Soli 1946 dar Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM Partiyai harakati evolyutsiyai ijtimoii Afrikai Siyoh tasis yoft. Soli 1957 Soveti hukumatii Bangi-Shari bo ishtiroki afrikoiyon tashkil va 13 avgusti 1960 Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM mustaqil elon shud. Dar khudi hamon sol hukumati Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM bo Fransiya shartnomai hamkorii siyosiyu iqtisodi va harbi bast. Badi tabadduloti harbii soli 1966 ba sari hokimiyat J. B. Bokasso omad. Majlisi milli parokanda, konstitutsiya bekor karda shud. 4 dekabri 1976 konstitutsiyai nav qabul karda, Bokasso imporator — Bokassoi 1 elon shud. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM az soli 1960 azoi TDM, azoi Tashkiloti yagonagii Afrika. Soli 1960 bayni Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM munosibathoi diplomati muqarrar gardidand. Solhoi 1969—70 bayni Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM doir ba ham-korii iqtisodiyu tekhniki va savdo shartnoma basta shud. Dar sohai siyosati khoriji Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM rohi bo hamai mamlakatho hamkori namudanro pesh girift. 20 sentyabri 1979 dar natijai tabaddulot hukumati Bokasso sarnagun gardid va ba sari hokimiyat D. Dako omad. U prezidenti Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM intikhob gardid. 1 sentyabri 1981 D. Dako hokimiyatro ba A. Kolingba suporid. Hukumati nav konstitutsiyaro bekor, faoliyati partiyahoi siyosi va tashkilothoi jamiyatiro man kard. Partiyahoi oppozitsionni Harakat bahri ozodii khalqi Afrikai Markazi va Fronti vatandustonai Ubangi gayrilegali amal mekardand.

Partiyahoi siyosi. Harakati evolyutsiyai ijtimoii Afrikai Siyoh (HEIAS), partiyai hukmron va yagonai mamlakat, tasisash soli 1946.

Khojagi. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM mamlakati agrarii qafomonda buda, asosi iqtisodiyoti on ziroat meboshad. Iqtisodiyoti mamlakat ba kapitali khoriji vobastaast. Hukumat dar siyosati dokhilii iqtisodii khud rohi ba tavri vase jalb namudani kapitali hususi, asosan khorijiro pesh giriftaast. Baroi bartaraf kardani qafomonii iqtisodii mamlakat huqumat tadbirhoi afzun namudani mahsuloti khojagii qishloqro andeshid. Xojagii qishloq asosi iqtisodiyoti mamlakat meboshad. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM 5,9 million gektar maydoni kisht dorad. Soli 1981 dar mamlakat 9,2 hazor tonna pakhta va 18,0 hazor tonna qahva jamovari shudaast. Ziroathoi asosi: maniok, arzan, sholi, chormagzi zamini. Soli 1980 dar mamlakat in qadar chorvo bud (ba hisobi hazor sar): gov — 1150, buzu gusfand — 955, khuk— 130. Parvarishi tamoku, qalanfur, kakao, geveya ba roh monda shudaast. Mohi asosan az daryoho shikor kar-da meshavad.

Sanoati Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM az zavodhoi pakhtatozakuni, ravgankashi, sobunpazi, az fabrikahoi bofandagi va duzandagi iborat ast. Korkhonahoi kalon: kombinati bofandagi (dar Bangi), zavodi pivova gayra.  Dar shahri Bangi zavodi vasli priyom-nikhoi tranzistori hast. Energetikai  Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM az Gidro-Elektro StansiyaGES-hoi Boali-1 va Boali-2 iborat ast. Dar shahrhoi Bangi, Mbaiki, Bosangoa, Bambari va gayra. TES-ho hastand. Soli 1982 60,7 million kiloVatt-quvvai elektr istehsol karda shud.

Rohi ohan nadorad. Darozii rohhoi avtomobilgard 22,6 hazor kilometr. Dar shahri Bangi bandari daryoi va aeroporti baynalkhalqi hast. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM ba khorija pakhta, qahva,chub, almos barovarda, az khorija khurokvori, tajhizot va vositahoi naqliyot, mahsuloti neft, sement va gayra megirad. Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM asosan bo Fransiya savdo mekunad. Vohidi pul — franki afrikoi.

Nigahdorii tandurusti Soli 1970 tavallud ba 1 hazor nafar 46, favti kudakon ba 1 hazor kudaki navzod 190 nafar bud. Sababi asosii favt — bemorihoi siroyati va parazitari (varaja, sil, makhav va gayra). Soli 1972 dar Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM 52 bemorkhonai doroi 3,2 hazor kat (2 kat ba 1 hazor sokin) bud, ki az on 47 bemorkhonai doroi 3,4 hazor kat davlati meboshad. Gayr az in dar Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM 10 poliklinika, 31 markazi tibbi, 4 markazi nigahdorii tandurusti, 82 dispanser va gayra hast. Soli 1973 dar Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM 59 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 43,4 hazor sokin), 1 dukhturi dandon, 11 farmasevt va 1,3 hazor kormandi miyonai tibbi kor mekard. Dukhturho malumotro dar khorija megirand.

Maorif. Soli 1970 qarib 85% aholi besavod bud. Talimi ibtidoii 6-sola baroi kudakoni az 6 to 14-sola hatmist. Soli tahsili 1972/73 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 194 hazor, dar maktabhoi miyona 16,6 hazor talaba mekhond. Soli 1969 dar mamlakat nakhustin universitet dar Bangi tasis yoft, ki dar on soli khonishi 1976/77 624 student tahsil kard.

Matbuot, radio va televizion. Dar Bangi gazetahoi zerin ba zaboni fransavi chop meshavand: «Ta Tene» («Ta Tepe»), tasisash soli 1974, «Ter afriken» («Tegge A1psashe»), tasisash 1974, «Nuvel dyu jur» («eeIoiuePez Di ]oig») tasisash 1976, bo zaboii sango: «Linga» («1p£a»), tasisash 1976 va gayra. Agentii matbuoti Afrikai Markazi soli 1974, radioshunavonii millii Afrikai Markazi soli 1958 tasis yoftaand. Televizion az soli 1974 kor mekunad.

Memori va sanati tasvirI, Manzilhoi dehot dar sohili daryoho yak yo du qatora sokhta meshavand. Khonahoi istiqomati asosan az loy sokhta shuda qalamakori, mudavvar, chorkunja meboshand. Shahrhoi Bangi, Berberati, Bangasu va gayra az rui memorii zamoni hozira sokhta shudaand. Kandakorii chub niz rivoj yoftaast. Tabaqu taqsimichaho, zarfhoi gunogun, asbobhoi musiqi bo naqshu nigori seroburang oro doda meshavand. Kuloli, sabatbofi, az ustukhopi fil va ohan sohtani oroishot (angushtarin, dastpona, zebi gardan) rivoj yoftaast.

Musiqi. Musiqii ananavii Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM gunogun moboshad. Ejodiyoti musiqii khalqhoi Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM asosan aa du qism iborat ast: surudhoi kollektivii marosimi va raqs. Surudho voqeahoi muhimi jamoaro inikos menamoyand. Surudhoe niz mavjudand, ki mutribon mesaroyand. Surudhoi umumi bo hamovozii naqora ijro meshavand. Dar davrai mustamlika budani Respublikai Afrikai Markazi RAM musiqii ananavi qarib purra barham khurda bud. Faqat badi ba dast darovardani istiqloliyat (1960) sanati musiqii milli az nav barqaror karda shud. Soli 1966 dar shahri Bangi maktabi sanati milli tasis yoft, ki dar on shubahoi musiqi, raqs va gayra hastand.