REAKTORI YaDROI

REAKTORI YaDROI, reaktori a t o m i, olatest, ki dar on dar natijai pora shudani yadrohoi tarkibi suzishvorii yadroi reaksiyai yadroii musalsali idorapazir ruy medihad. Reaktori yadroi olatest, ki khorij sokhtani energiyai dokhiliyadroiro imkonnazir megardonad.

Tarhi zonai faoli reaktori yadroi: 1 — konturi zonai faol, 2— milahoi garmokhorijkunanda (suzishvorii yadroi), 3—milahoi tanzimi kori reaktor (milahoi qadmiyi), 4— moddai sustkunandai neytronho, £— tanai reaktor.

Qismi asosii Reaktori yadroi  zonan faoli on ast. Zonai faoli Reaktori yadroi  suzishvorii yadroi yo moddai porashavanda (^yaj1, ^p,Ri va gayra, ki baroi ba vujud ovardani reaksiyai yadroii zanjiri zarurand), moddai sustkunandai neytronho (dar reaktori yadroii sareneytron baroi kam kardani surat yo khud energiyai neytronhoi sare, yane baroi ziyod kardani ehtimoli reaksiyai porashavii yadrohoi suzishvorii yadroi lozim ast) va moddai noqili garmo (baroi berun barovardani garmoi dar zonahoi faol paydoshuda zarur ast)-ro darbar megirad.

Zonai faol bo moddahoi makhsusi neytroninikoskunanda ihota karda meshavad, to ki zarrahoi reaksiyaangez, yane neytronho «kor nakarda» az on zona berun nabaroyand. Baroi az tasiri zararovari u-nurho va neytronhoi reaktor emin nigoh doshtani khodimon reaktor az berun bo qabati zarurin beton pushida meshavad.

Reaktori yadroi  in tavr kor mekunad. Vaqte ki yadrohoi atomhoi suzishvorii yadroi, masalan, ^sh17 pora meshavand (sukhtani suzishvorii yadroi mahz hamin guna mani dorad), az har yak yadroi porashuda energiyai ~ 200 MeV khorij megardad. In energiya (garmo)-ro moddai noqili garmo (ob, natriyi moe va gayra) bo khud az zonai faoli Reaktori yadroi  berun mebarorad va onro ba generatori bugi ravona mekunad. Generatori bugi turbinaero, ki bo generatori jarayoni elektri payvast ast, ba kor medarorad. Dar natijai «sukhtani» 1 kg *⁵11-i begash (ki 2,55 • • 10* yadro dorad), — 5 • 10²® MeV yo*khud 2 • 10¹⁰ kkal energiya (in qadar garmo dar natijai sukhtani 1800 tonna benzin) khorij meshavad.

Sharoiti kori Reaktori yadroi   Yake az tavsifoti muhimi kori Reaktori yadroi    koeffisienti afzoishi neytronho k (iisbati adadi neytronhoe, ki dar in yo on «qitai» reaksiyai zanjiri paydo megardand, bar adadi hamin guna neytronhoe, ki dar qitai peshina hosil meshavand) ast. Dar surati nazar ba tavlid (dar natijai porashavin yadrohoi suzishvori) beshtar budani kharji neytronho (dar natijai az tarafi yadrohoi porashavandavu poranoshavanda furu burda shudan va az hajmi Reaktori yadroi   berun baromadani onho), yane hangomi k < 1 budan reaksiyai zanjiri zud qat megardad. In guna sistemaro sistemai tobuhroni meguyand. Dar aksi hol, yane hangomi k > 1« budan sistema favqub- b u h r o n i hohad bud va dar in mavrid adadi neytronho dar muddati khele kutoh to darajae meafzoyad, ki tarkishi yadroiro bois gardida metavonad. (Bombai atomi mahz ha- min guna sistema ast.) Reaktori yadroi   on goh muvofiqi khosti odam kor mekunad, ki dar on koeffisienti afzoishi neytronho k-ro khurdu kalon (k < 1 va k > 1) kardan imkonpazir, yane reaksiyai zanjirii dar on ruydihanda idorapazir boshad. Odatan baroi kori doimii Reaktori yadroi   k = 1 megirand (in guna sistema sistemai b u h r o n i nom giriftaast). Kamtarin massai suzishvorii yadroiero, ki sharti k — 1*-ro tamin megardonad, massai buhroni meguyand. Massai buhroni dar surati obi budani moddai neytron inikoskunandai atrofi zonai faol baroi ^ya511-i begash ~’0,8 kilogramm hastu baroi ²³⁹Ri — 0,5 kilogramm va baroi ²⁵¹S! — 0,01 kilogramm. Ammo, agar ba sifati suzishvori urani tabii (ki 99,27% §||| 0,712% ^2,50 va 0,0057% dorad) girifta shavad, massai buhroii ~45 tonna khohad bud.

Tanzimi kori Reaktori yadroi.  Kori Reaktori yadroiro ba vositai milahoi iborat az kadmiy, karbidi bor yo yagon moddai di- gari neytronfurubaranda tanzim mekunand. In milaho hangomi bo suzishvorii yadroi pur kardani zonai faoli Reaktori yadroi   dar kanalhoi makhsusi on joy doda meshavand. Vazifai milaho furu burdani neytronhoi nolozimist: (baroi in yo on lahzai kori Reaktori yadroi  ) milahoro az zonai faol ba qadri zaruri berun (yo darun) girifta, reaksiyai zanjiriro jarayoni matlub dodan mumkin ast.

Tavlidi sukhtanii yadroi. Hangomi kor kardani Reaktori yadroi   dar natijai reaksiyai yadroii neytronkhurii in yo on yadroi tarqibi suzishvorii yadroi, masalan, dar natijai reaksiyai (p, u) yadrohoi nave ba vujud meoyand, ki bazei onho sukhtanii yadroi buda metavonand. Masalan, ²³⁵II yak neytronro furu burda ba ²³⁹11 va in yadro dar natijai betakohish ba ²³⁹Ri tabdil yofta metavonand. ^Ya9Ri niz qobiliya- ti khubi porashavi dorad, yane sukhtaash yadroist. ⁹¹⁹Ri dar natijai hamin guna reaksiyaho az niz hosil meshavad. Dar reaktorhoi harorati (onhoe, ki neytronhoi haroratiro istemol mekunand) az har yak vohidi massai urani tabii yo urani andak ganigardida (bo izotopi ⁵⁰⁶U| to 0,6—0,7 vohid va dar reaktorhoi sareneytron to 1,5 vohid ^a,9Ri hosil meshavad.

Navhoi Reaktori yadroi. Sokhti Reaktori yadroi  ba navi suzishvorii yadroi, sohai energiyai neytronhoi istemolshavanda, shakli zonai faol, rejimi matlubi kor va gayra vobasta ast. Moddai neytronohistakunanda va moddai noqili garmo niz gunogun buda metavonad. Inhoand baze navhoi Reaktori yadroi: obi — obi, grafiti — obi, grafiti — gazi (in jo avval nomi moddai neyt- ronohistakunanda omadaastu bad nomi moddai noqili garmo), jushon (Reaktori yadroie, ki dar on ba sifati moddai noqili garmo obi jushon istemol meshavad) va gayra.

Sokhtmoni avvalin Reaktori yadroi   dar Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika tahti rohbarii olimi italiyavi E. Fermi 22 dekabri 1942 va dar Ittifoqi Soveti tahti rohbarii I. V. Kurchatov 26 dekabri 1946 ba itmom rasidaast. Reaktori yadroi   baroi hosil kardani energiyai elektri, harakat dodani kishtihoi atomi, tavlidi suzishvo- rii yadroi va gayra istifoda meshavad.

S. Qodiri, F. Normurodov.