RAVIYaHOI ZABONShINOSI

RAVIYaHOI ZABONShINOSI , metodho va jarayonho dar omuzishi za­bon va tarikhi on. Tarikhi zabonshivosi ba chahor davra — zabonshinosii ahdi qadim, asrhoi miyona va davrai Ehyo (to asri 18), zabonshinosii asri 19 va zabonshinosii imruza taqsim meshavad. Dar har davra raviyaho va jarayonhoi makhsuse dar omuzishi zabon vujud doshtand. 1)Zabonshinosi dar dav­rai qadim. Dar in davra zabonshinosi dar Hindi Qadim, Yunon va Rim inkishof yoft. Hanuz dar asrhoi 8—7 to melod dar Hinduston doir ba omuzishi masalahoi fonetika, durust khondani vedaho (nig. Zaboni vedi) risolaho ba vujud omadaand. Muhimtarin asari zabonshinosi dar Hindi Qadim «Hasht kitob»-i Panini ast. Davomdihandagoni kori Panini Vararuchi (asri 3 to melod) va Patanjali (asri 2 to melod) budand. Dar Yunon masalahoi zabon az jihati falsafi va grammatiki tadqiq meshud. Masalahoi falsafii zabon (mohiyati nomho, robitai bayni ashyoho va mafdumho) dar asarhoi Geraklit, Demokrit, Aflotun ba miyon guzoshta shuda budand. Dar asri 2 to melod bayni tarafdoroni nazariyai analogiya (shabohat) va anomaliya (khilofi qoida) bahs ba miyon omad, ki on ba tavsifhoi grammatiki tasir rasond. Filologhoi maktabi Iskandariya — muallifoni avvalin grammatikahoi zaboni yunoni Aristarkh, Dionisiy, Apoloniy Diskol (asrhoi 3—2 to melod) ba masalahoi grammatika mashgul shuda, onro az falsafa judo kardaand. Naqshai ba miyon ovardai onho oid ba tarifi zabon, ki fonetika, morfologiya, sintaksisro alohida-alohida dar bar megirift, az bisyor jihat to hol nigoh doshta meshavad. Ba masalahoi etimologiya stoikho — Khrispp (asri 3 to melol) va Krates (asri 2 to melod) mashgul shudaand. Dar Rimi Qadim dar asosi grammatikai yunoni masalahoi zaboni lotini tadqiq gardid. Mark Terentsiy Varron, Eliy Donat, Pristsian grammatikai nisbatan mukammali zaboni lotiniro tartib dodand. Grammatikhoi Rimi Qadim ba munosibati tadqiqi ilmi bayon (ritorika) bori avval ba masalahoi uslubiyot dast zadand. 1) Zabonshinosi dar asrhoi miyona va davrai Ehyo (to asrhoi 17—18.). Ilmi asrimiyonagi doir ba zabon makhsusan dar Ev­ropa to davrai Ehyo asosan masalahoi dar davrai qadim ba miyon omadaro mavridn tadqnq qaror dod. Az davrai Ehyo doirai masalaho vusat girift: na tanho zabonhoi lotini, yunoni va ibronii qadim, balki bisyor zabonhoi Osiyo, Afri­ka, Amerika niz mavridi omuzish qaror giriftand. Dar Sharq lugati arabii «Kitob- ul-ayn»-i Khalili Farohidi (asri 8), grammatikai mufassali zaboni arabii Sibaveyh (asri 8), «Devoni lugat- ut-turk»-i Mahmudi Doshgariro (asri Ill) nom burdan mumkin ast. Ilmi zabonshinosii fors-tojik niz dar asrhoi miyona khele rivoj yoft. Makhsusan, lugatsozi dar Osiyoi Miyona va Hinduston ravnaqi ziyode dosht.