RASADKhONAI KAYHONI

RASADKhONAI KAYHONI, radifi masnu yo stansiyai kayhoniero guyand, ki bo afzoru asbobi astronomi jihozonida shuda, baroi tadqiqi jirmhoi osmoni va fazoi Ko­inot tain gardidaast. Murod az Rasadkhonai kayhoni omukhtani,manbahoi susti afkanishot (az qabili galaktikahoi dur) va mushohida kardani jirmhoi osmoni dar diapazoni az zamin dastnorasi spektri mavjhoi elektromagniti (ultrabunafsh, rentgeni va gayra) meboshad. Avvalin Rasadkhonai kayhoni radifi masnui amerikoi OAO (ikhtisoran nomi anglisiash, ki ba tojiki «rasadkhonai astronomii madori» tarjuma meshavad) bud, ki teleskopi diametrash 92 sm (dar OAV-V), spektrometri ultrabulafshi diammetri oinaash 80 sm (dar OAO-S) va digar asbobu afzori astrofiziki dosht (az soli 1970 cap karda navhoi gunoguni OAO ba madori geosentri barovarda shudand). Soli 1978 istifodai radifhoi masnu az silsilai NEAO va 1UE (ikhtisorai nomi anglisiash, tarjumaash; «muhaqqiqi baynalkhalqi dar diapazoni ultrabunafsh») ogoz gardid, ki baroi tadqiqi sayyoraho, kvazarho, pulsarho va sidhchoqho dar diapazoni mavjhoi ultrabunafsh (UB) tain shudaand. NEAO-2 (mavsum ba Eynshteyn) teleskopi rentgenie dosht, ki az jihati iqtidor ba teleskopi 5-metrai optiki barobar ast. IUE-1 UB-teleskops dosht, ki bo 2 spektrograf (diapazoni korash 1150—3200 A°) jihozonida shudaast. Dar tatbiqi amalii barnomai ilmii Rasadkhonai kayhoni IUE 200 nafar astronomho az 17 mamlakat shirkat mevarzand.

Bo yorii asbobu afzorhoi NEAO qarib 1000 manbai navi afkanishoti kanhoni oshkor gardid (bazei onho az manbahoi to kunun kashfshuda andaryak hazor marotiba khiratarand); mavqei fazoii manbahoe muayyan karda shud (aniqiyati in amal hamagi yakchand soniyai kunjiro tashkil dod), ki dar masofahoi 5—7 mlrd soli nur joygirand.

Mushohida va tadqiqi astrofizi­ki dar radifho va stansiyahoe niz ba amal barovarda meshavand, ki baroi ijroi vazifahoi mukhtalifi ilmi tain shudaand. Masalan, solhoi 1978—1979 az tarafi mutakhassisoni sovetiyu fransavi eksperimenti kompleksie ba amal barovarda shud, ki maqsadash az omukhtani yak hodisai nodiri astrofiziki — ba istiloh gamm a -sh a l p o s iborat bud. Baroi ijroi in barnomai ilmi stansiyai baynisayyoravii avtoma­tik «Venera—11 va 12» va stansiyai madorii avtomatii «Prognoz —7» istifoda burda shud, ki bo asbobhoi tadqiqotii soveti «Konus» va «Sneg  2MZ» jihozonida budand. Tavassuti onho afkanishoti rentgeni va gamma-afkanishi kayhoni ba qayd girifta shudand. (Masalan, ba vositai afzori «Konus» gamma-afkanishoti pulsarhoi rentgenie, baqayd gi­rifta shud, ki sitorahoi neytroni donista meshavaid.)

Soli 1983 hamkorii mutakhissisoni sovetiyu fransavi dar tadqiqi UB- spektrhoi manbahoi shuoafkani Galaktika va berun az on idoma yoft. In dafa onho tavassuti teleskop-spektrometri radifi sovetii Astrop-1 dar diapazoni 1150—3500 A omukhta shudand. Astron-1 yak nav Rasadkhonai kayhoni buda (vay 23 marti soli 1983 ba madori geosentrie barovar­da shud, ki parametrhoi avvalaash chuninand: perigey — 2000 km, apo­gey—200 hazor km, davri gardish 98 soat, kunji moili ba ekvator 51,5^e) baroi ijroi barnomai vasei mushohidahoi astrofiziki (gayr az omuzishi tabiati fiziki» UB-afkanishoti galaktikaho justujui elementhoi kutohumr va elementhoi murakkabi khimiyavi dar tarkibi sitorahoi tafson, tadqiqi khromo­sfera va tojhoi sitoraho va h.) im­kon dod. Az jumla bo yorii afzorhoi Astron-1 afkanishoti qarib 50 sitora va 15 galaktika ba qayd girifta shud; manbahoi afruzanda (sistemahoi sitoragii dugonae, ki az sitorai muqarrari va sitorai neytroni iboratand) tadqiq shudand.

Afzoru asbobhoi astronomiro dar staisiyahoi ilmiyu tadqiqotii «Sa­lyut-6» va «Salyut-7» niz guzoshta budand.

Ad.: Sovremennie dostijeniya kos­monavtiki. Sb., M., 1:980-85; Osvoenie kos­micheskogo prostranstva v SSSR, 1981, M., 1983.

A. Tursunov.