RAMZKUShOI

RAMZKUShOI kashfi khat, ravshan kardani manoi alomathoi khati zaboni matruk, yo khati majhuli yagon zaboni zinda; fahmida tavonistani sokhti zabone, ki osori on bo in khat navishta shudaast; dark kardani prinsiphoi khat, alifbo va sistemai fonetiki, sokhti grammatiki va leksikii zabon az rui khati majhul. Agar miqdori alomathoi khati majhuli yoftashuda bisyoru gunogunmazmun boshad, kash­fi khat oson ast. Dar in mavrid moshinhoi hisobbarorii elektroni yori merasonand. Agar hajmi matni ba dast omada kam boshad, kashfi on khat ba dushvori muyassar meshavad. Masalan, khati rui lalii girdaki ohanine, ki dar jazirai Krit yoft shu­da bud va ba asri 17 taalluq dosht, to hol khonda nashudaast. To yoft shudani matnhoi nav khondani in khat khele dushvor ast. Dar kashfi khat matnhoi monande, ki ba digar zabonhoi malum navishta shudaand, ahamiyati kalon dorand. Az jumla ba J. Shampolon, ki soli 1822 bori avval khati Misri Qadimro kashf karda bud, matni ba on monandi zaboni yunoni yori rasonid. Kashfi khat baroi ravshan kardani sahifahoi nomalumi tarikhu madaniyati khalqhoi olam khele zarur ast. Masalan, soli 1802 az tarafi G. Grotefend dar Eroni Garbi kashf shudani khati mekhii kuhi Besutun dar tarikhi Eron va digar mamlakathoi Sharqi Nazdik va Osiyoi Miyona (asri 6 to melod) sahifai tozae kushod. Hamchunin az kashfi unsurhoi ideografii khati forsii miyona (K. G. Zaleman) va khathoi sugdi (A. A. Freyman) bisyor masalahoi tarikhu madaniyati khalqhoi eroni ravshan gardid. Dar natijai kashfiyoti arkheologi va kashfi lingvistii khatho yak silsila zabonhoi matruk, tarikh va ma­daniyati notakrori qadim malum shud (masalan, madaniyati qadimtarini Shumer, madaniyat va tarikhi Mis­ri Qadim, zabonu madaniyati maya dar Amerikai Markazi va gayra). Olimon hangomi kashfi khat asosan bo khathoi ideografi (ieroglife), hijoi va fonetiki kordor meshavand. Ammo bisyor khathoi (nashqhoi) piktografi hastand (makhsusan dar Ame­rika va Osiyo, masalag, petroglifhoi Pomir, Polineziya), ki fahmidani mazmuni onho dushvor meboshad. Bisyorii in naqshho (khathoi piktografi) az tarikhi khele qadimi khalqho malumot medihand.

Ad.: Loukotka Ch_. Razvitie pis­ma, M., 1950; Tayni drevpikh pismen. Problemi deshifrovki, M., 1975.

V. Kapranov.