RAFAEL

RAFAEL [aslan Raffaello Santi (Santsio), Raffaello Santi (Sanzio) (26 yo 28. 3) az rui digar malumotho 6. 4. 1483, Urbino —6. 4. 1520, Rim], rassom va memori italiyavi. Yake az saromadoni sanati davrai Ehyoi Oli. Asarhoi Rafael— ifodakunandai ideali olii zebon va goyahoi sanati peshqadam, vassofi insoni komil. Az oilai rassom Jovanii Santi. Dar Peruja az rassom P. Perudino (1500—1504) talim girif­ta ast. Istedodi balandi u az asarhoi avvalinash, ki asri tasiri raviyai Perujino ejod shudaand, ba nazar merasad («Khobi risar»; Nigoristoni milli, London; «Se nozanin», Muzeyi Konde, Shantiyi; «Ma­donna Konestabile», Ermitaj, Le­ningrad; har se solhoi 1500—1502). Alalkhusus musavvarai mehrobii «Nikohi Maryam» (1504, Nigoristoni Brer, Milan) az rui kompozitsiya ba ejodiyoti Perujino qarobat dorad. Rafael solt 1504 ba Florennsiya omada, ejodiyoti rassomoni buzurgi onro (makhsusan Fra Bartolom­meo va Leonardo da Vinchi) meomuzad. Musavvarahoi mehrubon sershumor — obrazi madonnahoi solhoi 1504—1508 ofaridaash, ki nfodai nafosat va mehri poki modaronaand, ba Rafael shuhrat ovardand («Madonna Granduka», Nigoristoni Palatin, Florensiya; «Madonna dar margzor», Muzeyi badei-tarikhi, Vena; «Madonna. bo kudaki navzod va Yuhannoi Tamidi», Luvr, Parij). Rafael soli 1508 bo taklifi papai Rim — Yulii II baroi oroishi qasri Vatikan meoyad. Musavvarahoi ajoibi stansho (tolorhoi bohasham)-i in qasr dar ejodiyoti Rafael qadami jiddiest. Sitoishi ideali ozodi va khushbakhtii inson, kamoloti jismonivu manavii on mundarijai asosii freskaho (naqshhoi ruidevori) -i Rafaelro tashkil medihand. Dar freskahoi Stansa della Sonyatura (1609—1611) Rafael 4 sohai faoliyati inson: fiqh («Mubohisa»), falsafa («Maktabi Afina»), nazmu nafosat («Parnas»), Khuquqshinosi («Khirad, Andoza va Qudrat») ( hamchunin rivoyathoi mi­fologi va Injilro inikos namudaast. Hamai in musavvaraho bo in­terer dar aloqamandi buda, binanda khudro ishtirokchii hodisoti tasvirshuda mepindorad.