RADIOTEKhNIKA

RADIOTEKhNIKA, ilmest dar borai metodhoi generatsiya, taqviyat, qabul va istifodai lappishu mavjhoi elektromagnitii radiodiapazon; sohai tekhnika ast, ki istifodai mavjhoi elektromagnitii radiodiapazonro dar radioaloqa, radioshunavoni va televizion, radiolokatsiya va radionavigatsiya amali me­gardonad, ba nazoratu yadora namudani moshinu mekhanizmho, pro­sesshoi tekhnologi va gayra musoidat mekugad. Radiotekhnika payvasta bo radiofizi­ka, elektrotekhnika, fizikai dielektrikho, fizikai nimnoqilho, elektroakustika, elektronika, nazariyai lappishho, nazariyai informatmiya va gayra inkishof yoft. Tarikhi Radiotekhnika az korhoi M. Faradey va J. K. Maksvell ibtido megirad. Mavjhoi elektromagnitii (ME) radiodiapazonro avvalin bor G. Gerts (1886—1889) hosil kard va omukht. Vay qobiliyati ig mavjhoro ba inikos, shikast, in­terferensiya va polyarizatmiya nishon dod, ammo tatbiqi onhoro baroi intiqoli akhbor peshbini karda natavonist. Dar tajribahoi Gerts hodisai rezonans roli muhim bozidaand. A. S. Popov tajribazoi Gertsro rivoj doda, masalai bo yorii ME muqarrar kardani aloqai besimro hal namud va apparati ba qaydgirii signalhoro sokht. Popov 7 may 1895 avvalin dar jahon radiopriyomnikro bunyod kard. Taqriban badi yak sol kori chunin apparatro olimi italiyavi G. Markoni namoish dod.

Avvalin radiostannsiyahoi irsol va qabul, ki dar davrai avvali in­kishofi Radiotekhnika bunyod gardidand, bo radiomavjhoi zudkhomushsh a v a n d a (mavjhoi kutoh) kor mekardand. Ba tufayli guzashtan ba istifodai mavjhoi nisbatan daroz, afzudani iqtidori naqlkunakho va andozahoi antenna, inchunin tatbiqi detektor masofai radioaloqa tadrijan ziyod shud. Istifodai radiomavjhoi khomushnash a v a n d a e, ki bo generatorhoi kamoni va moshinii balandbasomad angezonda meshavand, zinai navi inkishofi Radiotekhnika gardid. Soli 1925 bo yorii moshini induktorii balandbasomadi V. P. Vologdin bayni Moskva va Nyu-York radioaloqa muqarrar karda shud. Ba vujud omadani lam­pai elektroni dar hamai sohahoi Radiotekhnika tagyiroti kulli ba amal ovard. Bo istifodai radiolampaho generironii radiomavjhoi daroziashon az chand sad m to chand km imkonpazir gardid.

Ibtidoi solhoi 20 asri 20 barobari aloqai radiotelegrafi radioshunavoni niz ba vujud omad. Afzoishi shumorai radiostansiyahoi aloqa va radioshunavoni va kushishi bo mavjhoi daroz kor kardani onho boisi dar efir ziyod shudani khalalhoi tarafayn gardid va zarurati rioya namudani sozishhoi baynalkhalqiro oid ba taqsimoti radiomavjho ba miyon ovard. Dar bunyodi stansiyahoi puriqtidori radioshunavoni va shabakahoi sinkhroni SSSR dar jahon mavqei namoyon dorad. Paydoishi televizioni elektroni, ki dar miyonahoi asri 20 mamul gardid, dar Radiotekhnika dtgargunihoi kalon ba amal ovard. Baroi mushohidai prosesshoe, ki dar sharoiti ba inson dastnoras (dar kayhon, umqi zamin, sohahoi radiatsiyaashon baland va gayra) ba amal meoyand, apparathoi televizioni niz istifoda meshavand.

Radiolokatsiya va radionavigatsiya sohahoi makhsusi Radiotekhnika ba hisob meravand, ki bo metodhoi onho mavqe, surat va digar parametrhoi obekthoi dur aniq karda meshavad. Ra­diolokatsiyai sayyoraho bomuvaffaqiyat rivoj yofta istodaast, baroi stansiyahoi radiolokatsioni radiolampahoi khossa istehsol karda me­shavand.

Ba vujud omadani diodhoi nimnoqili ba paydoishi tranzistorho va asbobhoi elektroni-nuri boisi paydoishi televizioni ranga gardid. Padiolokatsiyai zamonavi amalan dar hamai sohahoi faoliyati inson — barqaror kardani aloqa bo radifoni masnui Zamin va digar apparathoi kayhoni, tamini parvozi inson ba kayhon (nig. Aloqai kayhoni), sistemoi idorai avtomati, radiometeorologiya, radioastronomiya, elektroakustika, sabti sado va gayra mavqei muhim dorad. Dar SSSR jurnalhoi umumiittifoqii «Radiotekhni­kai, elektronika», «Radiotekhnika» va «Radio» muntazam nashr mesha­vand.

Ad.:       D v o r ya sh i n B. V., Osnovi radiotekhniki i radnoizmereniya, ch. 1, M., 1973.            M. Mamadjonov.