RADIOBIOLOGIYa

RADIOBIOLOGIYa (az radio… va biologiya), ilmest, ki tasiri shuoafkanii ionizonandaro ba organizmhoi zinda meomuzad. Radiobiologiya yak qator masalahoi muhimro hal menamoyad: tadqiqi mekhanizmhoi oso­bi radiatsioni va qonuniyati barqaror gardidani on badi radia­tsiya, korkardi usulhoi muhofizati organizmho az tasiri shuoafka­nii ionizonanda (ShI), istifodai ShI baroi hosil kardani mutatsishoe, ki dar selekksiyai hayvonotu rastaniho va mikroorganizmho lozimand.

Paydoishi Radiobiologiya ba kashfi shuoaf­kanii rentgeni (V. K. Rentgen, 1895), hodisai radioaktivi (A. Bekkerel, 1896) va shuoafkanii radiy (M. Sklodovskaya-Kyuri va P. Kyuri, 1898) aloqa dorad. Inkishofi Radiobiologiya du davraro darbar megirad: sifati va miqdori. Davrai sifati (1895— 1920) davrai ba dast omadani avvalin malumotho oid ba oqibathoi tasiri ShI ba obekthoi biologist. Davrai m i q d o r i (1920—1930) — dav­rai korkardi usuli ionizatsionii dozimetri va qabul karda shudani vohidi baynalkhalqii chenaki meyo-ri shuoafkani — «rentgen». Dar in davra dar Radiobiologiya kashfiyothoi kalone karda shud: olimon tasiri mutagenii shuoafkanii rentgeniro dar zanburugho (G. A. Nadson va G. S. Filippov, 4925), pashshai drozofilla (G. Myoller, 1927), khushahoi gandum, jav, juvorimakka (L. Stedler, 1928) muayyan kardand. In kashfiyotho boisi ba vujud omadani qismati navi Radiobiologiya — genetikai radiatmioni gardidand. Minbad dar getsetikai radiatsioni chor sohai mustaqili tadqiqoti ba vujud omad: umumigenetiki, biofiziki, tsitogenetikai radiatsioni va seleksiyai radiatsioni.

Baroi fahmidani mekhanizmhoi tasiri biologii ShI khususan tadqiqothoi solhoi 40—50 oid ba tahlili biofizikii prosessi mutatsioni, ki az tarafi olimoni anglis D. Li (1946), soveti N. V. Timofeev-Resovskiy va nemis K. Tsimmer (1947) jambast karda shudaast, roli kalon

bozidand. Tafsiri maqomi strukturahoi elementarii biologi dar natijai okhiri solhoi 50—60 kashf shudani hodisai barqarorgardii badiradiatsioiii hujayraho va kislotai dezoksiribonukleat (KDN) boz ham purratar gardid. Kashfiyothoi mazkur ba boz ham vase gardidani doirai tadqiqi biokhimiyavii hujayra va boftahoi zindai az nur zarardidai organizmho musoidat kardand. Dar ayni zamon boz yak qator qismathoi nav — radio­ekologiya, biogeotsenologiyai radiatsioni, radiobio­logiyai kayhoni va gayra amal mekunand. Tadqiqoti in qismatho ahamiyati ilmi va amali dorand. Onho imkoniyat medihand, ki taqdiri evolyutsionii hamzistii hayvonot, rastaniho va mikroorganizmhoe, ki muddati duru daroz dar zeri ta­siri shuoafkanii radioaktivi monda budand, muayyan karda shavand.

Tadqiqothoi avvalin oid ba Radiobiologiya dar Tojikiston solhoi 60 dar labo­ratoriyai radiobiologi (badtar la­boratoriyai genetikai fiziologi)-i Instituti fiziologiya va biofizikai rastanihoi AF RSS Tojikiston ogoz yoft. Dar laboratoriyai mazkur barqarorshavii badiradiatsionii khromosomaho va khususiyathoi tasiri hamdigarii rastaniho dangomi dameis­tii opdo Dar obekthoi nabototie, ki ba onho nur tasir kardaast, tadqiq karda shudand. Alhol oid ba Radiobiologiya asosan kormandoni Shubai genetikai umumii pakhtai AF RSS Tojikiston tadqiqot mebarand. Dar in la­boratoriya kolleksiyai navhoi mutantii pakhta va rastanihoi digare, ki dar seleksiya ahamiyat dorand, ba vujud ovarda shudaast. Tadqiqotho oid ba Radiobiologiya va seleksiyai radiatsionii pakhtai mahinnakh bo hamkorii kormandoni Shubai genetikai umumii pakhta va filiali dar Vakhsh budai Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii ziroati Vazorati khojagii qishloqi RSS Tojikiston guzaronida meshavand; chunin korhoi tadqiqoti dar Instituti biolo­gii Pomir ham vase ba roh monda shudaand. Vaqthoi okhir dar Shubai genetikai umumii pakhtai AF RSS Tojikiston oid ba Radiobiologiyai kayhoni niz tadqiqot mebarand. Dar laboratoriyai genetika va immuniteti shubai mazkur bo yorii ShI kolleksiyai zanburughoi mikroskopie, ki boisi yak navi kasalii pakhta (shiripchai vertitsillyozi) meshavand, tartib doda va dar asosi on usuli foidabakhshi muborizai ziddi in kasalii khavfnok peshnihod karda shudaast. Baze qismathoi Radiobiologiya dar donishkadahoi respublika (kafedrai bio­khimiyai fakulteti biologii UDT, ka­fedrai rentgenologiya va radiolo­giyai Instituti tibbii Tojikiston, kafedrai agrokhimiyai Instituti khojagii qishloqi Tojikiston va gaYra) chun kuresi makhsus talim doda mesha­vand.

Natichahoi tadqiqoti ilmi oid ba Radiobiologiya  dar jurnali «Radiobiologiya» (tasisat 1961), inchunin jurnalu majmuahoi ilmii AF RSS Tojikiston nashr meshavand.

Ad.: Osnovi radiasionnoy biologii, M., 1964; K o r o g o d i n V. I., Problemi postradiasionnogo vosstanovleniya. M._ 1966; Sverdlov A. G., Oposredovan­noe deystvie ioniziruyushego izlucheniya. M., 1968; Kuzin A. M., Molekulyarnaya radiobiologiya kletochnogo yadra, M., 1973.         L.J. Usmomov.