Pashm

Pashm 1) mui badani hayvonoti shirkhor, ki sifathoi resandagi do­rad; 2) yake az nakhhoi tabiii asosin bofandagi. Miqdori ziyodi Pashmi sanoatro Pashmi gusfand tashkil medihad; miqdori nisbatan kami onro az buz, shutur, gajgov (kutos), khargush, zargush, asp, gov, gavazn, sag va digar hayvonot megirand. Pashmro baroi istehsoli mato, masnuoti julohi (trikotaj), qolin va gayra istifoda mebarand. Istehsoli jahonii Pashmi gusfand soli 1976 ba 2,6 mln t rasid. Miqdori beshtari Pashmro Av­straliya (747 hazor t), Zelandiyai Nav (311 hazor t), Argentina (160 hazor t) istehsol mekunand. Dar SSSR soli 1977 458 hazor t va az jumla dar Tojikiston 5,5 hazor t Pashm girifta shud. Pashmi az hayvonot taroshida yo jam kardashuda (Pashmi gov, asp, gajgov)-ro Pashmi tabii va Pashmi az pusti hayvonoti kushta giriftashudaro Pashmi zavodi menomand. Pashm az muy va tibit iborat ast.

Khosiyathoi fizikii Pashm nihoyand: mahini, pechoni, darozi, mustahkami, kashishkhuri, chandiri, durushti, plas­tiki, elastiki, rang, jilonoki va gayra. Muvofiqi shkalai soveti mahinii Pashmi kholis ba 13 guruh judo mesha­vad: az 32 (mahinii miyona 55,1—67) to 80 (14,5—18,0) mkm. Pashmi gusfandhoi zoti darozpashmi sergusht (gus­fandi linkolni va gayra) va baze zothoi gusfandi durushtpashm (gusfandi karpati va gayra) az hama daroz (to ziyoda 40 sm) va Pashmi gusfandoni zothoi mahinpashmu durushtpashm (gusfandi hisori va gayra) az hama kutoh (4—7 sm) meboshad.

Rangi Pashm ba miqdori melanin vobasta ast. Rangi Pashm asosan safed, siyoh va malla meshavad. Pashmi safed behtarin, ba on rangi dilkhoh dodan mumkin ast. Makhsusan Pashmi gusfandi zoti linkolni, buzi zoti angori jilodor ast.  Qimati Pashm to andozae ba jilodorii on vobasta ast, zero mahz jilodorii Pashm ba namudi mahsulot tasir merasonad.

Pashm az rui majmui khosiyathoe, ki ba har yak namudi on khos ast, istifoda burda meshavad. Pashmi mahini kholis az nakhhoi tibitii makhanikiashon miyona (18—23 mkm) yo mahin, Pashmi nimmahini kholis az nakhhoi durushti tibiti (mahinii miyonaash to 25 mkm) iborat ast. Pashmi nimdurushti omekhta az nakhi tibiti va miqdori kami mui qilmonandi ma­hin va gayra iborat ast. Pashmi durushti omekhta az nakhi tibiti, mui qilsonand va gayra iborat buda, bazan mui khushk va murda dorad. Pashmi g u s f a n d r o baroi istehsoli matohoi gunogun, trikotaj, qolin, molhoi namadii istifoda mebarand.

Pashmi buz asosan omekhta ast. Beshtar tibiti onro baroi tayyor kardani masnuoti julohi istifoda me­barand. Buzhoi angori va zoti buzi serpashmi soveti Pashmi kholisi nimmahini serjilo dorad.

Pashmii shutur oskekhta ast. Rangash az safed to kahvagii baland. Mustahkam, chandir va purjilost. Baroi tayyor kardani bobriki (yak khel mohuti pashmdor) balandsifat, bolopush, ruymolhoi sholi gafs, triko­taj ba kor burda meshavad.

Pashmi g a j g o v omekhta buda, dar istehsoli mohut istifoda meshavad. Pashmi khargush va zargush, ki khususiyatya khubi mahini va elastiki dorad, baroi istehsoli fetr ashyoi khomi purqimat meboshad. Az tibiti khargushhoi zoti tibitpashm triko­taj va fetr tayyor mekunand. Pashmi a s p ashyoi khomi pastsifat buda, baroi istehsoli namadhoi durusht ba kor meravad. P.ashmi g o v r o asosan dar sanoati namadmoli ba kor mebarand. Pashmi g a v a z n ba miqdori ziyod mui murda dorad, dar istehsoli ayn, bistar, mebel va hamchun mate­riali izolyatsioni istifoda meshavad. Az Pashmi baze zothoi sag niz ashyoi pashmina mebofand.

Ad.: Aleksander P., Khadson R. G., Fizika i khimiya shersti. M., 1958; Gusev V. E., Sire i pervichnaya obra­botka shersti. M., 1960; Povishenie sher­stnoy produktivnosti oves, M., 1976.