Paradigma

Paradigma (az yun. rparadeigma— namuna, misol), sistemai shaklhoi mukhtalifi yak kalima, ki shaklivazkunii onro az rui kategoriyahoi grammatikii ba on khos (az rui jins, shumora, padej tagyir yoftani ismho; shakhsu shumora dar felho) ifoda menamoyad; naqshi (surati) tagyiryobii kalima muvofiqi kategoriyahoi grammatiki — tasrifi ismho, taorifi felho. Shaklhoi vohidhoi zabon va manoi onho dar Paradigma zohir meshavad. Manoi grammatiki boshad ba vositai juzi judogonai Paraligma ifoda meyobad.

Masalan, kategoriyai nomuayyanivu shumora dar ism (khona — khonae, khona — khonaho), daraja dar sifat (khub—khubtar—khubtarin), shakhsu shumora dar fel (mekhonam, -i, -ad, -em, -ed, -and). Ba Paradigma yagonagi va ayniyati asosho khos ast. Dar zabonshinosi onro dar shakli jadvali anjomaho ifoda mekunand. Masalan, Paradigmai kalimai khova in ast: khonaho, khonae, khonai, khonaro, khonaam (-at, -ash, -amon, -aton, -ashon). Paradigma va munosibathoi paradigmatiki dar hama qiemhoi zabon — fonetika, morfo­logiya, sintaksis inchunin semasio­logiya, leksika, qadimasozi va gayra dida meshavand. Masalan, 1) Paradigmai fone­ma — majmui tobishhoi qonunii fo­nema meboshad, ki ba holathoi guno­guni fonetiki (mavqei zada, sokhti hijo va gayra) vobasta ast.

Az on jumla, fonemai i doroi varianthoi gunogun — kushod (darozi), pushida (siyoh), aqibizaboni (khirmai), noustuvor (shitob), ustuvor (tira) va gayra meboshad; 2) Paradigmai morfema; rohbar — rahbar, mediham — deh; 3) Paraligmai lek­siki:        tifl  —        kudak — navras — javon; 4) Paradigmai semantiki: maktabi miyona — (maktabi mahorat — maktabi zabonshinoni; 5) Paradigmai kalimasozi: podabon—kolkhozchi—ohangar—omuzgor; 6) Paradigmai morfologi: guyam — guy— guyad—guem—gued—guyand. Dar Paradigmai morfologi asosi shaklhoi grammatikii yak kalima monandii manoi lu­gavi va sokhti muayyani grammatiki dorad. 7) Paradigmai sintaksisi: Ahmad khond — Ahmad khonda istodaast — Ahmad mekhonad. Intikhob va istifodai juzhoi Paradigma (az tarafi guyanda yo navisanda) ba sharoiti nutq va maqsadi mubodila (kommunikatsiya) marbut ast. Dar zabonshinosii muosir masalai Paradigma, paradigmatika va sintagmatika maqomi makhsuse dorand. On bar talimoti Fer­dinand de Sossyur oid ba muvosibathoi paradigmatikii bayni vohiddon zabon (dar khotiri odamon) va sintagmatiki — paihami (dar jarayoni nutq) asos yoftaast.

Ad.: Solnsev V. M., Yazik kak si­stemno-strukturnoe obrazovanie. M., 1971; Berezin F. M., Golovin B. P., Obshee yazikoznanie. M.. 1979.