Panteizm

Panteizm (az yunini ran — hama va theos —khudo), talimoti falenfiest, ki khudoro ba olam barobar mekunad. Istilohi “panteist”-ro soli 1705 faylasufi anglis Toland va itilohi «Panteizm»-ro soli 1709 harifi u faqehi niderlandi Y. Fae ba ili dokhil kardaand. Talimoti panteist akgar doroi tamoyulhoi natu­ralistie bud, ki dar on khudo va tabiat yakson va ba ham omekhta donis­ta meshud. In jihati talimoti Panteizm okhiriro ba materializm nazdik va az din dur mekunad. Goyahoi panteisti dar afkori falsafii Hindustoni Qadim (makhsusan dar barahma­niya, hinduiya va vedanta), Khitoi Qadim (daosizm) va Yunini Qadim (Fales, Anaksimandr, Anaksimen) joy doshtand.

Vale azbaski dar davrai politeizm mafhumi khudo hamchun ruhi yagonai jahoni hanuz» tashakkul nayofta bud, talimothoi mazkur yake az shaklhoi gilozoistii (nig. Gilozoizm) zindagardonii olam budu bas. Panteizm dar asrhoi miyona bar khilofi fahmishi teistii khudo, ki dar talimoti dini yahudi, masehiyat va islom joy dosht, ruhi jahonii beshakl va nihon dar tabiatro etirof mekard. Namoyandagoni on khususan dar Sharqi Miyona va Nazdik talimoti navaflotuniyonro asosi talimoti khud qaror medodand. Masalan, Ibni Sino, Nasiruddini Tusi va digaron dar asl mavjudiyati khudoro etirof kunand ham dar bobi paydoishi olam nazariyai sudurro paziruftaand, ki dar on khudo faqat hamchun mohiyat va sababi avval donista shuda, prosessi paydoishi zinahoi mukhtalifi olam dar zaminai talimoti panteistii navaflotuniyon sharh doda shudaast.

Muvofiqi in talimot olam na ba tavri ittifoqi, balki daraja ba daraja khalq shudaast, ki yake nisbat ba digare illat meboshad. Az in ru, hodisaho dar silsilai marotibi vujud ba qadimu hodis, mutaqaddimu mutaakhkhir, vohidu kasir va nihoyat tomu noqis taqsim meshavand. Chunin aqidai panteistii namoyandagoni maktabi mashsho dar asrhoi miyona na faqat ba muqkobili talimo­ti roshidii islom roje ba paydoi­shi olam ravona shuda bud, balki on dar asosi prinsipi sababiyat do­irai faoliyati khudoro mahdud namuda, onro bo digar kategoriyahoi hasti, ki ifodakunandai jihathoi alohidai hodisoti olami moddi meboshapd, yakson medonist. Khulosan mazkur, beshubha, ifodai jihathoi naturalisti va ogozi inkishofi af­kori materialistii mutafakkironi Sharq ba shumor meraft.

Tobishhoi gunoguni Panteizm dar tali­moti ahli tasavvuf ba nomi «vahdati vujud», «vahdati mavjud», «vahdati vujud va qasrati mavjud» niz mushohida meshavand. Mohiyati talimoti panteistii- namoyandagoni tasavvuf (Boyazidi Bistomi, Jaloluddini Rumi, Fariduddini Attor, Abulmajdi Sanoi, Ibni Arabi va digaron) az on iborat ast, ki chun asosi olam, yane mohiyati avval khu­do meboshad inson boyad baroi darki mohiyati u bikushad va ba vositai sayru suluk va bo rohi kashfu shuhud ba haq birasad.

Yane az yak taraf khudo ba inson muqobil guzoshta shuda, az tarafi digar, yagonagi va omezishi tabiat bo khudo mu­shohida meshavad, ki khususiyati irfonii talimoti tasavvufro dar asrhoi miyona ifoda mekunad. Yake az tobishhoi avvalini materialistii Panteizmro dar Garb Davidi Dinani doda ast. Muvofiqi aqidai u, mate­riya, khirad va khudo yagonaand. Davrai inkishofi bosurati tamoyulhoi naturalistii Panteizm ba davrai Ehyo rost meoyand. Avvalin shakhse, ki dar in davr bo Pantezm shugl varzidaast, Ni­kolai Kuzani bud. Inkishofi Panteizs dar Evropai Garbi ba asri 16 va ibtidoi asri 17 taalluq darad.

Dar in davr Panteizm asosi bisyor talimothoi naturfalsafiero tashkil medod, ki ba muqobili kreatsioniz­mi dinhoi monoteiotii hukmron nigaronida shuda bud. Dar talimoti Kardano, F. Petriqi, T. Kampanella, J. Bruno Panteizmi doroi khususiyathoi naturfalsafi oshkoro mushohida va khudo harchi beshtar bo tabi­at omekhta meshud.

Panteizm minbad ba tufayli galabai etiqodhoi mukhtalifi protestanti dar Evropai Garbi hamchun shakli etirozi mazhabhoi tanazzulyofta amal namudaast. Aqidahoi panteisti dar Evropai Garbi dar talimoti B. Spinoza ba goyati inkishof rasid. Reshahoi okhiri, dar navbati khud, az sarchashmai goyavii falsafii Ibni Sino ob khurdaast. Muvofiqi aqidai F. Engels siste­mahoi falsafii idealistoni nemis F. V. Shelling va G. Gegel kushish mekardand, ki az mavqei panteizm ziddiyati ruhu materiyaro oshti dihand (Marks K. i Engels F., Soch., 2 IZD., T. 21, s. 285),