Panjakenti Qadim

Panjakenti Qadim dimnai shahri ibtidoi asrhoi miyona; 1,5 km janubu sharqtari shahri hozirai Panjakent voqe ast. Panjakenti Qadim yake az rustohoi (rayonhoi) Sugd bud (asrhoi 7—8). Har yak rusto, az jumla Panjakent markaz (shahri asosi), hokim va otryadi harbi dosht.

Az khususi Panjakent Qadim dar asrhoi 7—8 Ta­bari malumot doda, Devashtich nom yake az hokimoni onro, ki ba muborizai ziddi Khilofati arab (solhoi 720—722) rohbari kardaast, zikr mekunad. Sugdiyon soli 720 qushuni arabro dar Samarqand torumor va shahrro az istilogaron ozod kardand.

Ammo khilofat baroi zabt kardani Sugd muttasil lashkar mekashid. Nihoyat, okhiri soli 721 sugdiyon ba tang omada, yak guruhashon bo sardorii hokimi Poy (rayoni Kattaqurgoni hozira) — Karzanj ba Khujand va guruhi digarashon bo sardorii Devashtich ba boloobi Zarafshon raftand. Guruhi yakum dar atrofi Khujand va guruhi duyum dar qalai Abargar, ki holo bo nomi Qalai Mug mashhur ast, soli 722 az qushuni arab torumor gardidand. Hamon solho istilogaron Panjakenti Qadimro niz ba khok yakson kardand va shahr barham khurd.

Soli 1933 az kharobahoi Qalai Mug qarib hashtod khujjati sugdi yofta shud, ki matni on dar rui kogaz, pust va chub sabt shudaast (nig. Hujjathoi Qalai Mug). Soli 1947 hayati Ekspeditsiyai arkheologii Tojikiston bo rohbarii A. Yu. Yaqubovskiy dim­nai Panjakent Qarib kashf namud va az hamon vaqt hafriyoti on davom dorad. Rohbari akspeditsiya dar davomi haft soli avval khudi A. Yu. Yakubov­skiy bud. Solhoi 1953—1954 ba on M. M. Dyakonov rohbari kard va badi vafoti u to khol in vazifa dar uhdai A. M. Belenitskiy meboshad. Dar ko­ri ekspeditsiya Shubai leningradii Instituti arkheologii AF SSSR, Ermita­ji davlati, Instituti tarikhi AF RSS Tojikiston va Muzei respublikavii tari­khu kishvarshinosii ba nomi Rudaki (Panjakent) ishtirok dorand.

Hafriyotp arkheologi nishon dod, ki Panjakent Qadim az qismhoi zerin iborat budaast: 1) Shahriston (bo devori khota shudaast). 2) Kuhandiz (dar tarafi garbii shahr voqe ast). 3) Dehai nazdi shahr (dar tarafi Sharq voqe ast). 4) Qabriston (dar janubtari shahriston joy giriftaast).

Vusati shahriston qarib 14 ga, maydoni on teppazor ast. Beshtar az  qismi mahal tadqiq shudaast. Alhol guzarhoi kalon, binoho va qismi ziyodi chorsui shahr kushoda shudaand. Har yak bino az 10 to 100 va az in ham ziyod khona dorad. Binohoi du va seoshyola duchor meshavand, ki balandii onho to 8—9 m merasad. Gafsii devori khonaho to 1,20 m bu­da, az pokhsa yo khishti khom va bazan az lokhsayu khishti khom bunyod gardidaand. Dar havlihoe, ki kushodaand, du khel khona mushohida meshavad: kho­nahoi tangi dolonmonandi bomashon gunbazi va khonahoi kaloni murabbai sutunu bolorashon chubin. Baze khonaho zebu zinati khub dorand: bolor, bosha va nosutunho kandakori shudaand, devorho naqshunigor do­rand. Dar khonaho toku ravoq kam ba nazar merasad, dar tagi devor sufahoi past hast.

Kuhandiz sari teppa, dar balandi joy girifta, az chandin bino, havli va inshooti mudofiavi iborat ast.

Dehai nazdi shahr. ki dar tarafi sharqi va janubu sharqi shahriston voqe ast, taqriban 20—25 ga vusat do­rad. Azbaski zamini in mahal tokzor bud, obi on zahida, bisyor imorati atrofi shahrro nobud karda­ast. To ogozi hafriyot dar in jo qa­rib 25 teppa bud. Hafriyot ayon kard, ki dehai nazdi shahr az havlihoi judogona iborat buda, har havli yak qita zamini koram doshtaast. Havliho asosan az khonahoi iqomati va khojagi iborat buda, dar onho oila­hoi khurdi kashovarzon va qisman kosibon zindagi mekardaand. Dar deha nishonahoi ogozi istehsoloti kosibi ba nazar merasad, ki istiloi arab ba tashakkulash imkon nadodaast.

Dar hududi qabriston, ki taqriban 0,5 km durtar az devori janubii shahriston voqe ast, qarib 70 tep­la boqi mondaast. Na teppaho novushoi panjakentihoi qadimro mahfuz doshtaand va bostonshinoson qarib sitoi onro kushodaand. Maydoni har novus ba hisobi miyona 4— 5 m murabba buda, boloyash gunbazi yaklukht dorad. Daruni khona az se taraf sufa dorad. Sufaho dar tuli 3 devor ba shakli harfi «Panjakent» jo girifta, baynashon guzargohe hast. Dar miyonahoi devori 4-um surokhii khurde hast. Sufaho baroi guzoshtani ustadonho khizmat mekardand. Darozii ustadonho 50—55 sm, barashon 25—27 sm va balandiashon 18—23 sm ast. Onho sarpushhoi yaklukhti dastador va yo sarpushhoe dorand, ki az du takhtai safoli iboratavd. In du takhtasafolro pahluiham guzoshta, dahoni ustadolro mepushondand. Dar har novus ba hisobi miyona ustukhonhoi 8—10 mayitro dafn mekardand.

Holo Panjakenti Qadim yagona yodgorii arkheologiest, ki az rui on sokht, makhsusan topografiya, hayoti iqtisodi, ijti­moi va madanii aholii shahrhoi ibtidoi asrhoi miyonaro omukhtan mumkin ast. Lattaporaho, punbadona, donahoi nimsukhtai gandum, nav, arzan va lubiyoi yoftshuda malumoti makhazhoi khattiro dar khususi khonagidorii Sugd tasdiq mekunand. Dar natijai hafriyot dar Panjakenti Qadim donakkhhoi gelos, olubolu, zardolu, shaftolu, bodom, sanjid, puchoqi chormagz yoft shudand, ki in az ravnaqi bogdorii Sugd shahodat medihad va ba malu­moti geografhoi arabizabon Ibni Havqal va muqaddasi muvofiq meoyad.

Onho navishtaand, ki rustoi Panjakent dar chidani bodomu chormargz dar bayni digar rustohoi Sugd joi avvalro ishgol mekard. Dar Panjakenti Qadim tokdori va sharobkashi taraqqi kar­da bud. Az nazdi otashdonho va az bayni tudahoi poru bisyor ustukhoni gov, gusfand, buz va khuki yoboiyu khonagi yoft shud va in shahodat medidad, ki dar Panjakenti Qadim, chorvodori ham ravlaq doshtaast. Mavjudiyati chunin bazai ashyoi khom boisi inkishofi istehsoli masnuoti charmi megardid. Az rui nakshunigori devorho muqarrar kardan mumkin ast, ki hunarmandoni Panjakenti Qadim az charm har khe poyafzol, javshan, toskuloh, gilofhoi shamsher va kamol, afzoli asp va digar asbobi ruzgor tayyor mekardaand, Bostonshinosho az shahriston bisyor langarchahoi charkhhoi resmonresi yoftand, ki onho az inkishofi naddofi va bofandagi darak medihand. Az nigorishi devorho, ki dar onho navhoi gunoguni masnuot, matohoi pakhtagi, pashmi, abreshimi, qo­lin va gayra khele khub tasvir yoftaand, saliqai kosibonu bofandagoni Panjakenti Qadim ayon megardad.

Dar istehsoloti kosibii Panjakenti Qadim masnuoti kuloli joi makhsusro ish­gol mekard. Dar vaqti hafriyot az har jo shadda va bozubandhoi shishagi, shishahoi mayda baroi har khel moe yoft shudand. Mavjudiyati korkhonahoi shishasozi tasdiq mekunand, ki panjakentiyon ba istehsoli masnuoti shisha niz mashgul budaand.

Dar Panjakenti Qadim ohankhari va zargari niz khele ravnaq doshtaast. Faqat dar yak maydoni khurdi shahriston ziyoda az 40 ustokholai ohangari budaast, ki har khel masnuoti filizi mebarovardand. Hangomi hafriyot dos, tabar, bel, darafsh, kord, kalid, qismhoi qufl, paykol, nayza, halqa va bisyor digar asbobu anjomi ohani, bi­rinji, misi, tilloi va nuqragi ba dast omadand. Chunin yodgorihoi moddi va (manavi nishon medihand, ki dar Panjakenti Qadim va digar shahrhoi Sugd sohahoi gunoguni hunarmandi vujud doshta, hunarmandonash tabu mahorati baland doshtaand. Az rui natijai hafriyot takhmin kardan mumkin ast, ki hunarmandi dar Panjakenti Qadim sohai mustaqili khojagi va aksari hunarmandon ozod buda, baroi furush mol mebarovardaand.

Pulhoi ziyode, ki yoft shud niz ba in dalolat mekunand. To in dam chand hazor tanga jam ovarda shudaast, ki in qadar pul az yagon joi digari Osiyoi Miyona yoft nashuda bud. Ba dast omadani tangahoi ziyodi sugdi ba tashkili sohai navi numizmatikai Osiyoi Miyo­na — numizmatikai Sugd imkon dod. Dar kolleksiya pulhoi misi, birinji na nuqragi hastand, ki az asrhoi avvali milod to nimai duyumi asri 8 simka zada shudaand. Ammo qismi asosii kolleksiyaho az pulhoi birinjii sugdii  nimai duyumi asri 7—avvali asri 8 iborat ast. Dar bayni onho pulhoe hastand, ki bazeashon az nomi hokimoni maydai on, az jumla hokimoni khudi Panjakenti Qadim barovarda shu­daand.

Omukhtani in pulho ba O. I. Smirnova imkon dod, ki khronologiyap ikhshidhoi Sugdro muayyan kunad. Pu­li bisyor va gunoguni yoftshuda guvohi medihad, ki munosibathoi moliyu puli dar Sugd rivoj doshtaast. To solhoi nazdik chunin meshumorand, ki shahrhoi Osiyoi Miyona faqat badi asrhoi 8—10 markazi hunaru tijorat gardid. Ammo hafriyoti Panjakenti Qadim isbot kard, ki hanuz dar asrhoi 7—8 in shahrho markazi hunarmandiyu savdo budaand.

Hafriyoti solhoi okhiri Panjakenti Qadim nishon dod, ki hayati ijtimoii aholii shahrhoi davrai ibtidoi feodalizm khele gunogun budaast va dar shahrhoi on zamon na tanho hokimonn va tabaqai doroi aholi bo gulomu kanizonashon, balki hunarmandoni ozod, tojiron va digaron tabaqai aholi niz zindagi mekardaand.

Ba tufayli in ,hafriyot na faqat navhoi asosii masolehi binokori va usulhoi binokorii memoroni sugdi, balki tarhrezi, sokhti dokhiliyu zohirii imorat va oronshi inshooti istiqomatiyu jaminti ayon gardid. Malum ast, ki sanati memarii Osiyon Miena dar asosi istifodai khishti khomu pokhsa taraqqi kardaast. Khishthoi inshooti Panjakenti Qadim murabba, tanosubi qadu barashon 1×2 ast. In shakl nazar ba khishthoi murabbai davrai atiqa bah­tar bud, zero ba gafs yo tunuk bardoshtani devorho imkoniyat medod va gayr az in quflukalidi devorro oson mekard. Khishti khom ba gayr az devor, boz baroi sokhtani ravoq, gunbaz, pagna va bazan baroi farshi bino istifoda shudaast.

Panjakenti Qadim devorhoi pokhsagi niz dorad. Devorho bo kohgil andova va qisman gajkori shudaand. Khishti pukhtaro panjakentiyoni qadim bazan baroi farsh ba kor burdaand. Tekhnikai ravoqsoziyu gunbazsozi va oshyonayu nagnaho sanati balandi memorii Panjakenti Qadimro nishon medihad. Baroi sutun, dar, bolor va baroi baze juziyoti oroish chubro istifoda burdaand. Dar vaqti hafriyot bisyor bolor va sutunhoi nimsukhta yoft shudand, ki boshahoi kandakori dorand (naqshhoi islimi, handasi, rasmi odam va makhluqhoi afsonavi). Az bozyofthoi sershumori Panjakenti Qadim makhsusan, du haykali chubii zan, ki zohiran raqqosa meboshand, khele joliband. Mahorati kandakor ba darajaest, ki hatto pirohani khele nafisi raqqosaho baralo namudor ast. Libos ba kosi onho bo tasmai daroze basta shudaast. Haykalho shaddahoi marjon va zangulachahkho dorand, ki sari sina va tamomi badanro oro dodaand.

Tarhi umumii haykalho khele nazarrabo, mavzun va dilkash ast. Juziyoti tarhi badan, sarulibos va jinhoi on, asbobi zebu zinat ba tavri khele aniqu daqiq tisvir yoftaand.

Baroi haykalsozi dar Panjakenti Qadim barobari chub inchunin gil, gach na filizotro ba kor meburdand. Hangomi hafriyoti yake az khonaho gushi birinjii nihoyat kaloni hayvone yoft shud. Az khudi hamon 40 kallai gachii berishe niz yoftand, ki barobari sari odam ast. Gayr az in poraho dar poyoni devorhoi yake az imoratho izorai kaloni mujassamador kushoda shud, ki daroziash qarib 8 m ast.

In izora pur az rasmi odamoni gunogun meboshad, ki dar zaminai bahr yo daryo hakkoki shudaand. Dar yak gushai izora dahoni ajdaho va dar gushai digarash tarhi gore ba nazar merasad. Az gor obi farovone meshorad, ki baroi manzarai tamo­mi izora zamina gardidaast. Dar hamin zamina bo naqshi balandi muqarnas har guna jonvaroni asotiri, mohiyon, tanai odam, makhluqote, ki tani odamu dumi mor dorad, tajassum gardidaand.

Bozyofthoi arkheologii Panjakenti Qadim shahodat medihand, ki dar sanati tasvirii sugdiyon haykaltaroshi maqomi muhimme doshtaast. Dar Panjakenti Qadim osori farovon va ajibi sanati naqqoshi niz yoft shud. To imruz chandin khonae kushoda shud, ki devorhoyash munaqqashand. Zaminai musavvarahoro makhsus tayyor mekardand: khokai rangro dar yak nav moddai chaspak hal karda, in mahlulro ham ba rui an­dova va ham ba rui gach memolidand va musavvarahoro dar rui in zamina meofaridand. Musavviron beshtar ranghoi surkh, zard, kabud, safed, norganji, siyoh va nilobiro istifoda burda, kombinatsiyahoi gunoguni hayratangez ba rui kor ovardaand.

Chi lavhahoi naqqoshi va chi musavvaraho bo mahorati baland ijro gardidaand. Har yak shakhsi tasvirshuda (khoh dar perspektiva, khoh dar safi pesh) doroi qiyofayu holati muayyanest. Dar lahzahoi tasvirshuda tamomi qonuniyathoi rassomi rioya gardida, dar harakat budani mavjudoti zinda ba nazar merasad. Nigorishho syujet va mavzui muayyan dorand. Dar onho manzarahoi bazm, shikoru id, motam, zurozmoii jangovaronu pahlavonon, raqshoi marosimi, obbozi va digar lahzahoi hayoti sugdiyon aks yoftaand, ki chunin holat dar «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi niz duchor meoyand. Masalan, dar baze de­vorho manzarahoe hastand, ki dar onho kornamoii Rustamu Isfandiyor tasvir shudaast.

Dar aksari manzaraho va hatto dar sahnahoi razm zanon ham hastand. Onho barobari mardon dar bazmu ziyofatho ishtirok doshta, asbobhoi gunoguni musiqt menavozand, meraqsand, sarulibosi jangi pushida dar muhoribaho ishtirok mekunand. In jihati mu­savvaraho shahodat medihad, ki to istiloi arab zanho ozod va faol budaand..

Manzarahoi tasvirshuda roje ba hayoti ayonu ashrof, qushun, libosi harbi, sozu yaroqi sugdiyon (akinak, shamsher, tiru kamon, nayzayu gurz, tabarzinu sipar, zirehu toskuloh, javshanu ostincha va gayra), inchunin oid ba istifodai onho malumot medihand. Dar musavvaraho rasmhoi mutribon niz hastand, ki baroi omukhtani madaniyati musiqii sugdiyon ahamiyati kaloi dorand. Masalan, dar devori yake az binoho surati zeboi zani udnavozero mebinem, ki dar bar kurtai shohii safed, dar sar to­ji zarrin va dar daston bozubandu angushtarinhoi tillo dorad; bo dastichai udro doshta, bo dasti rost ba torhoi on nokhun mezanad. Ud hilolshakl buda, qismi boloyash sari ajdarro memonad.

Dar rui devori digare tasviri se mutribro mebinem, ki dar boloi qolin nishataand. Yake az onho barbat, digare yak nav asbobi udmonand va seyumi pay me­navozad. Dar devori yake az khonahoi digar surati chahor mutriba niz aks yoftaast. Hamai in guvohi medihad, ki sugdiyon ba musiqi shavqu havasi kalon doshtaand va barbat ud, nay, daf, doyra, qushnay barin as­bobhoi musiqi khele malum budaand.

Panjakenti Qadim imruzho ba yake az yodgorihoi mashhuri arkheologii Tojikiston mubaddal gardida ast. Roje ba Panjakenti Qadim va yodgorihoi sanati on dar Ittifoqi Soveti va khorija, az jumla dar Amerika, Italiya, Fransiya, Yaponiya va yak qator mamlakathoi digari jahon risola va maqolaho nashr shuda­and. Panjakenti Qadim yak nav meyore gardidaast, ki muhaqqiqoni hamin kabil yodgorihoi arkheologii Osiyoi Miyona bozyofthoi khudro bo padidahoi on qiyos mekunand.

Hafriyoti Panjakenti Qadim davom dorad.

Ad.: J a l i l o v A., N e m a t o v N.. Kashfisti Panjakenti qadim. D., 1969; Yakubovskiy A. Yu., Drevniy Pendjikent, «Po sledam drevnikh kultur», M.— L.. 1951; Jivopis drevnego Pyanp- jikenta. M., 1954; Skulptura i jivo­pis drevnego Plndjikentv, M.. 1959; Beleniskiy A. M., Raslopova V. I., Drevniy Pendjikent, D.. 1971; Beleniskiy A. M., Monumentalnoe iskusstvo Pendjyakenta. Jivopis. Skulptura, M.. 1973; Isakov A. I., Sitadel drevnego Pendjikenta, D., 1977.