PUShKIN Aleksandr Sergeevich

PUShKIN Aleksandr Sergeevich (6. 6. 1799, Moskva—10. 2. 1837, Pe­terburg), shoir, asosguzori adabiyoti navi rus. Az oilai dvoryanini miyonahol. Avvalin quvvaozmoihoi Pushkin dar sher ba davrai bachagii u rost meoyand. Solhoi tahsil dar li­tsei Sarskoe Selo dar shoiri shuhrat yoft. Baroi litsei Sarskoe So­lo, ki Pushkin soli 1811 ba on dokhil shu­daast, intishori goyahoi ozodikhohi khos bud. Ba ravnaqi afkori revolyutsioni va vatankhohi Jangi vatanii soli 1812 niz musoidat kard va dar nakhustin sherhoi Pushkin tasini mufide guzosht («Khotiraho dar borai Sarskoe Selo», 1814; «Shahrcha», «Gul», 1815; «Khob», «Orzu», «Ba duston», 1816 va gayra). Pushkin bo jamoai adabii N. M. Karamzin va sonitar bo P. Ya. Chaadaev robita paydo kard. Dar sherhoi in davra (1817—1820) tasviri zindagii tufonii shoiri chavon va javononi Peterburg mavqei kalon dorad. Ruhi ozodidusti va lirizmi narm, omezishi anana va navpardozihoi daleronai roman­tiki ba ashori Pushkin («Ba Chaadaev», «Ba Jukovskiy», 1818; «Tajaddud», 1819) khusni nav bakhshidand. Pushkin dar in solho ba dostonsaroi ru ovarda, tadrijan ba kashfiyothoi nodir va margube rasidaast, ki zimni tasiri syujet va mazmunhoi baroi adabiyoti rus nav dar sabki notakrore surat giriftaand. Avvalin dostoni shoir «Ruslan va Lyudmi­la» (1820) ifodai andeshahoi liri­ki dar syujeti fusungari sharqi, boygarii zaboni rusi va ruhi romantikii vay ast. Pushkin dar in doston ba vositai obrazhoi afsonavi ruhi zamonro mohirona ifoda kardaast. Mavzui Sharq va istifodai mazmunhoi romantikii ruzgari puroshubi mardumi in kishvarho dar ejodiyoti Pushkin beshtar joy girifta, pas az safari u ba Kavkazu Qrim zaminai hasti paydo mekunad.

Navari falsafi ba tarikh va tajribai peshqadamu ibratbakhshi khalqhoi Evropa minbad boz ham amiq meravad (povesthoi «Dubrovskiy», 1832; «Tarikhi Pugachyov», 1833; dostoni «Misinsavor», 1833; «Modkai qaramashoq», 1833; «Shabhoi Misr», 1835; «Dukhtari kapitan», 1833—1836). P.ushkin ba ejo­diyoti shifohii khalq maroqi kalon dosht. Bisyor asarhoi u dar asosi qissavu rivoyathoi khalqi va afsonahoi doyaash ofarida shudaand («Qissai pop va khizmatgori u Landahur», «Afsonai shoh Sulton», «Qissai shohdukhtari murda va haft pahlavon», «Qissai mohigir va mohii tillo»). Miyonai soli 1830 dar doirahoi adabivu ilmi ba asarhoi barjastai Pushkin bahoi nodurust dodand, ki in shoirro khele ruhaftoda kard. Dar sherhoi «Fursat rasid, dusti man, fursat» (1834), «Musofir» (1835) va gayra natijai hamin ruhaftodagiro didan mumkii ast. Soli 1836 Pushkin ba tasisi jurnali «Sovremennik» va dar atrofi on gun kardani behtarin quvvahoi adabi muvaffaq meshavad. Chande pesh az margi fojiavii khud Pushkin «Kokhi yodgor»-ro navisht, ki ba sheru manzumahoi dar in mazmun ofaridai Gomer va Firdavsi hamohang ast.

Pushkin ba adabiyoti klassikii fars-tojik tavajjudi khose doshta, dar tasiri ejodiyoti Firdavsi, Sadi, Hofiz va digar, ki osorashon tavassuti tarjumaho ba zabonhoi rusi va avrupoi dastrasi u budand, dostonho («Ruslan va Lyudmila», «Fontani Bogchasaroi») va sherho («Angur», 1824; «Ey guldukhtar…» 1824, «Bulbul va gul», 1827; «Dar davoi fora­mi favvoraho», 1828; «Az Hofiz», 1829 va gayra) surudaast. Pas az tali­fi «Fontani Bogchasaroy», ki on jo porchae az Sadi hamchun epigraf omadaast, ziyoiyoni rus Pushkinro «Sadii davoni mo» meguftand. Pushkin na tanho az mazmunu mavzuho, vositahoi ba­deii adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik, balki az navhoi adabii on, makhsusan, gazal istifoda burdaast. Ejodiyoti Pushkin, ki dastovardhoi adabiyot va sanati jahoniro ba tav­ri nave jambast kardaast, ibrati qarnho va khalqho, davraho va marhilahoi navi inkishofi jamiyat meboshad. Tajribai ejodii Pushkin ba marhilai navi inkishofi adabiyot va sanit, ki minbad bo nomi estetikai realisti nufuz paydo kard, asosi mustahkam va navpisandona guzoshtaast. Az realizmi Pushkin na tanho M. Lermontov, P. Gogol, I. Tur­genev, I. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov barin klassikoni adabiyot ba maydon omadaand, balki in tajriba samti justujuhoy adabiyoti khalqhoi gunogun, adabiyot va sanati jahonro niz muayyan kardaast. Bis­yor janrhoi realisti: romani ta­rikhi, povesti falsafi, ocherk va dramaturgiya, inchunin davrai navi inkishofi zaboni adabii rus va tavonoii on az Pushkin ibtido meyobad. Dastovardhoi u dar tadqiqi badeii tarikh, ki tavassuti metodi realisti va az nazari tarikhshinosii ilmi surat giriftaast, ba­roi bisyor khalqho namunai ibrat meboshad. Gumanizmi Pushkin, goyahoi balandi asarhoi u imruz ba khalqhoi digar ruh mebakhshand, ba navisandagoni gunoguni olam ilhom medihand. Beshtar az 80 sol ast, ki asarhoi Pushkin ba zaboni tojiki tarjuma gardida, ba shakli muntakhabu majmua, jildhoi alohidai sheru doston nashr meshavand. A. Lohuti va H. Yusufi, M. Tursunzoda va M. Rahimi, S. Ulugzoda va M. Fardatu Sh. Loiq dar marhilahoi gunoguni inkishofi adabiyoti sovetii tojik ba tarjumai Pushkin mashgul shudaand.

Afsonai Pushkin «Qissai mohigir va mohiii tillo» dar ruzhoi jashngirii 100-solgii shoir (1899) ba to­jiki tarjuma shuda (mutarjim Adjzi), dar maktabi usuli navi Abduqodiri Shakuri omuzonida me­shud. Okhiri solhoi 20 va ibtidoi solhoi 30, makhsusan dar 5—6 soli pas az Sezdi 1-umi navisandagoni SSSR asarhoi ziyodi Pushkin ba tojiki tarjuma va nashr shudaand. «Dukhtari ka­pitan», «Qissai pop va khizmatgori u Landahur», «Qissai shoh Sulton», «Qissai mohigir va mohiri tillo», povesthoi «Modkai qaramashoq», «Dubrovskiy», «Hikoyahoi Belkin», «Bandii Kavkaz», «Buron», «Boris Godunov», «Fontani Bogchasaroy», «Qissai shohdukhtari murda va haft pahlavon», «Barodaroni goratgar», «Poltava» dar shakli kitobhoi alohida ba tab rasidaand. Soli 1947 bo nomi «Chand asar» bo muqaddima va dar tarjumai A. Lohuti asarhoi Pushkin— «Dar havoi dilkashi favvoraho», «Kokhi yodgor», «Dostoni Olegi dilogoh», «Motsart va Saleri», «Misinsavor», «Qissai mohigir va mohii tillo» va soli 1949 asarhoya Pushkin dar du jild ba zaboni tojiki intishor yoftand. Romani manzumi P. «Evgeniy Onegin» soli 1967 (tarj. M. Farhat) ba zaboni tojiki chop shud. Beshtari asarhoi Pushkin ba programmai talimi maktabhoi tojiki daromadaand. Pushkin dar sheru dostonhoi shoironi tojik S. Ayni, A. Lo­huti, M. Tursunzoda, M. Mirshakar, H. Yusufi, M. Farhat va digaron tarannum shudaast. Tajribai ejodii Pushkin ba quvvat dodani justujuy imkoniyathoi adabiyoti milli, ananahoi boyi ejodiyoti lafzii khalq, ehsosu idroki boygarii realizm va inkishofi on dar zaminai milli musoidat namudaast. Dar Tojikiston Teatri dramai musiqii  Leninobod, bisyor kuchavu maktabho mansub ba nomi Pushkin meboshand.

Tasvir dar sahifai 128—129.

Os.; Kokhi yodgor. Sherho va poemaho. D., 1976; Polnoe sobranie sochineniy v 10-i tomakh, M., 1959—62.

Ad.: Huseynzoda Sh., Pushkin va shoironn tojik, dar kit. u: Bahs va andesha, D.. 1965; Yusufi H., Pushkin va Bayron, dar kit. u: Rohi notamom, D., 1973; Shodiqulov X., Kokhi yodgor, j. «Sadoi Sharq», 1974,  Bryusov V., Moy Pushkin, M,—L., 1929; Mey­lakh B., Pushkin i ego epokha, M., 1958; Stepanov N., Lirika Pushkina, M., 1959; kvmon m u a l l., Proza Pushkina, M. 1962; Pushkin v stranakh zaru­bejnogo Vostoka, M., 1979. H. Shodiqulov.