PRUSSIYa

PRUSSIYa, davlate, ki dar natijai tajovuzi harbii feodaloni nemis dar Evropai Markazi, Sharqi va Janubu Sharqi ba vujud omada, takyagohi reaksiya va militarizmi Germaniya bud; badi dar Jangi duyumi jahoni torumor karda shudani Germaniyai fashis­ti barham khurd. Asri 12 Prusiya dar za­minai kurfyuri (knyazi)-i Branden­burg va Ordeni tevton tashkil yoftaast. Badi jangi sezdahsolai bayni Ordeni tevtop va Polsha (1454—1466) yak qismi mulkhoi orden ba Polsha bargardonida shud. Soli 1618 davlati muttahidai Branden­burgu Prussiya tashkil yoft, ki on tobei kurfyurihoi Brandenburg bud. Soli 1701 davlati Brandenburgu Prussiya ba shohii Prussiya tabdil yoft. Dar ahdi Fridrikhi II (1740—1786) qarib 2/3 hissai byujeti harsolai mamlakat ba ehtryojoti harbi sarf shuda, armiyai Prussiya az jihati shumora dar Evropai Garbi joi avvalro ishgol mekard. Tartiboti politsiyaviyu byurokratii militaristi jori gardida, aholi baroi aqidahoi ozodikhohi berahmona jazo doda me­shud. Prussiya bo maqsadi vase namudani hududi khud borho bo mamlakathoi hamsoya jangidaast. Dar rafti jan­gi ziddi Avstriya qismi ziyodi Sileziyaro ba dast darovard. Prussiya dar jangi haftsola (1756—1763) mekhost, ki Saksoniya va yak qismi Kurlyandiyaro zabt kunad, vale dar nazdi Gros-Bgersdorf az armiyai Rossiya (1757) va dar muhoribai Kunersdorf (1759) sakht shikast khurd. Soli 1760 lashkari Rossiya poytakhti Prussiya Berlinro ishgol kard. Tanho ikhtilofi bayni raqiboni asosii Prusiya (Avstriya, Rossiya, Fransiya) va badi vafoti Elizaveta Petrovna (1761) ba sari takhti Rossiya omadani Pyotri III (gertsogi Golshteyngottori) onro az halokat najot dod. Pyotri III bo Fridrikhi II sulh va ittifoq bast. Dar asri 18 Prussiya hamrohi Rossiya va Avstriya Rech Pospolitaro se marotiba taqsim namuda, Poznan, Varshava, Gdansk, Torun va nohiyahoi digarro ba dast darovard. Dar davrai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Fransiya bo hamrohii Avst­riya, Ittifoqi ziddifransavii davlathoi Evroparo tashkil kard. Soli 1806 ba Ittifoqi 4-umi ziddi- fransavi dokhil gardid. Dar muhoribai nazdi Yen va Auershtedt az armiyai Napoleon shikast khurda, soli 1807 muvofiqi sulhi Tilzit qarib 1/2 hududi khudro az dast dod. Dar jangho torumor shudani Prussiya az farsudagii sistemai davlati va krepostnoiyu feodali shahodat dod. In vaziyat hukumatro vodor namud, ki yakchand islohot guzaronad. Dar Rossiya torumor shudani armiyai Na­poleon baroi avj giriftani muborizai ziddi Napoleon sabab shud. Muvofiqi sulhnomai Vena (1815) Prussiya ba 2/5 hududi Saksoniya, mulkhoi sohili Reyn va Vestfaliya sohib shud.

Bahori 1848 dar Prussiya revolyutsiyai burjuazi-demokrati cap shud, ki maqsadi on dar asosi demokrati muttahid namudani mamlakat va ba respub­likai yagonai demokrati tabdil dodani Germaniya bud, vale ba in doirahoi hukmroni Prussiya mone shudand. Binobaron K. Marks va F. Engels hamchun tarafdori barham doda shu­dani davlati Prussiya baromad karda, demokrathoi nemisro baroi himoyai polyakho va yakjoya ba dast ovardani ozodi davat namudand. Revolyutsiyai solhoi 1848—1849 dar Germaniya ba itmom narasid, mutlaqiyat va reaksiya barham nakhurdand.

Prussiya solhoi 1870—1971 ba muqobili Fransiya jang cap karda, viloyati Elzas va Lotaringiyai Sharqiro zabt namuda, 5 mlrd frank tovoni jang girift. 18 yanvari 1871 imperiyai Germaniya tashkil yoft, ki dar on Prussiya mavqei hukmronro ishgol mekard; shohi Prussiya imperatori Germaniya shud. Jangjuyoni Prussiyayu Germaniya dar sarshavii Jangi yakumi jahoni ro­li kalon bozidand.

Dar rafti Revolyutsiyai noyabri 1918 dar Germaniya sulolai Gogentsollernho sarnagun karda shud, vale hukmronii «monopoliyaho va yunkerho boqi mond. Dar Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—1945) torumorshavii Germaniyai fashisti ba quvvahoi irtijoy va militarizmi on zarbai sakht zad. Muvofiqi qarori Konferensiyai Potsdam (1945) ba Ittifoqi So­veti shahri Kyonigsberg (hozira shahri Kaliningrad) bo rayonhoi atrofi on guzasht, ba Polsha zaminhoi tarafi sharqii daryoi Oder va Neysei Gar­bi bargardonida shudand. Solhoi 1945—1946 dar territoriyahoe, ki ba mintaqai ishgolii soveti dokhil meshudand, digargunihoi sotsialiyu iqtisodi ba amal barovarda shudand. Islohoti agrari va millikunonii korkhonahoi sanoati yunkeron va monopolistonro az hayoti iqtisodi va siyosii Germaniya dur kard. 25 fevrali 1947 Soveti nazorat dar borai barham doda shudani dav­lati Prussiya qonun qabul namud.