PRAKRIT

PRAKRIT, prakritho, nomi umumii zabonho va lahjahoi davrai miyonai guruhi zabohoi hindi (hinduoriyoni)-i Hinduston, ki marhilai taraqqii shevahoi qadimi hinduevropoiro idoma doda, ba rivoji zabonhoi navi hindi bunyod guzoshtaand. Nakhustin namunai matni khatii Prakrit ba asri 3 to melod taalluq dorad. Dar avval Prakrit zabonhon guftuguii omma budand va bo in khususiyatashon az sanskrit farq mekunand; «prakrta» — tabii, oddi, «samskrta»—sandal dodashuda, suni. Badtar Prakritho ba zabonhoi adabi tabdil yofta, se marhilai inkishofro (ibtidoi, miyona va okhirin) az cap guzaronidaand. Ba zabonhoi mamuli marhilai avval zaboni yodgorihoi buddoi — pali, Prakrithoi sangnavishthoi shoh Ashoka, payshachii ibtidoi va matnhoi epigrafikii judogona dokhil meshavand. Dar marhilai miyona Prakrithoi adabi — shauraseni, magadhi, maharashtri mamul budand. Zaboni marhilai okhirin apabhransha (az asri 5) meboshad. Hujjathoi dar Turkistoni Sharqi badastomada, ki ba zaboni kharoshthi murattab gardidand, ba Prakrit man­suband. Prakriti adabi dar pesahoi dramaturg va sanatkori buzurgi Hindustoni Qadim Kalidasa, dar asarhoi Bhasa va digar istifoda shu­daast. Khususiyathoi fonetikii Prakrit sonantho va diftongho vujud nadorand; dar holati intervokali hamsadoho tagyir meyoband; kalimaho aksaran bo sadonok (hijoi kushoda) ba itmom merasand. Khususiyathoi morfologi: az bayn raftani shumorai dugona, bandakhoi shakhsii feli zamoni guzashta; ba ham nazdik shudani asoshoi ism va fel; monand shudani shaklhoi padeji va gayra. Dar sintaksis tamoyuli analitiki— istifodai kalimahoi yoridihanda baroi ifodai manohoi padeji, is­tifodai sifathoi felii ifodakunandai namud va jins dar zamoni guzashta va gayra ba nazar merasand.

Ad.: Vertogradova V. V., Prak­riti, M., 1978.

M. Usmonov.