PRAGMATIZM

PRAGMATIZM (az yunoni pragma — amaliyot, faoliyat), talimoti subektiviyu idealistii falsafi, ki solhoi 70 asri 19 dar ShMA paydo shuda, makhsusan solhoi pesh az Jangi duyumi jahoni dar muhiti manavii mamlakat nufuzi kalon paydo kar­daast.

Pragmatizm hamai falsafai peshinaro ba mujarradi, muroqibavi va az hayot dur budan gunahkor karda, programmai «tajdidi falsafa»-ro ba miyon guzosht. Muvofiqi talimoti Pragmatizm metodi umumii falsafa boyad na muhokimai shaklhoi nakhustini dasti va marifat, balki halli masalahoe boshad, ki inson dar lahzahoi mukhtalifi hayot va faoliyatash ba onho duchor meshavad. Pragmatizm chun ananai empirizmi subektiviyu idealisti hamai olami berunaro bo «tajriba» ayniyat doda, onro na ba yadrok, balki ba tajriba nisbat medihad. Pragmatizmro jihati empirizmi subektiviyu idealistii on ba makhizm va tamoyuli irratsionalistiash ba talimoti faylasufi fransavi L. Bergson nazdik mekunad. Pragmatizm talim medihad, ki tajriba hej goh az azal chizi muayyan nabud, va­le hamai obekthoi marifat hangomi halli vazifahoi bamiyonomadai hayoti va bo sayi marifatii odam tashakkul moyoband. Pragmatizm goyahoi Ch. Darvinro nodurust manidod namuda, tafakkurro chun vositai ba muhit mutobiq namudani organizm medonad. Na marifati realisti oboktivi, balki bartaraf kardani shubha, ki baroi faoliyat (Ch. Pirs), intikhobi vositahoi ba dast ovardani maqsad (V. Jems) monea meboshad, vazifai aql donista meshavad. Goya, mafhum va nazariya mahz asbob, yaroq yo plani amaliyot ast. Muvofiqi «prinsipi Pirs» ahamiyati onho purra ba natijahoi amalii imkonpazir mansuband. Az in ru, «… haqiqat chun foida muayyan kar­da meshavad…». Haqiqatro ba in minvol muayyan kardan khosi tali­moti Pragmatizm ast. Chunin muayyankuni boisi mutlaqgardonii ahamiyati foi­da gardida, onro ba meyori yagonai hakiqati goyaho, hatto ba mazmunu mafhumi haqiqat tabdil medihad. «Pragmatizm,— menavisad V. I. Le­nin — ba metafizikai ham materia­lizm na ham idealizm istehzo mekunad, tajribaro va tanho tajribaro sitoish menamoyad, amaliyaro me­yori yagonae meshumorad, umuman ba jarayoni pozitivisti istinod mekunad». (As., jildi 14, sahifai 398). Pragmatizm bo maqsadhoi siyosie, ki ba ustuvorshavii sokhti mavjuda musoidat mekunad, istifoda shudaast.

Pragmatizm okhiri solhoi 1930 dar falsafai amerikoi nufuzi khudro gum kardaast. Vale Pragmatizm holo ham ba halli bisyor masalahoi metodologi va mantiqi tasir merasonad.

Ad.: Melvil Yu. K., Charlz Pirs i pragmatizm, M., 1968; Sovremennaya burjuaznaya filosofiya, M., 1972.