PORTRET

PORTRET (Frans, portrait — surat, tasvir), janri sanati rassomi, ki ba ofaridani obrazi shakhsi muayyan asos yoftaast. Asarhoi khudi in janrro niz Portret menomand. Tavassuti Portret rassom obrazi insonro ofarida, olami manavi, khislat, ruhiya va holati uro nishon medihad va ba jambasti ijtimoiyu siyosi, falsafi va akhloqi muvaffaq meshavad. Ba vositai obrazhoi fardii hamzamonon yo mutafakkironi guzashta Portret metavonad sifathoi tipii odamoni davrai muayyani tarikhiro tajassum namuda, ruhiya vahokhosi tabaqahoi gunoguni jamiyatiro nishon didad. Vobasta ba maqsad Portret yakkasa, dukasa (juft), guruhi; vo­basta ba kharakteri tasvir monumentali, mutantam, mahramona, hajvi (karikatura, sharj) meshavad. Portret dar rassomi va grafika kompozitsiyai to sina, to miyon va hamai paykar; dar haykaltaroshi byust, mujassama, haykal, relefro dar bar megirad. Asrhoi miyonai Sharq bo usuli khosi portretnigori — minyoturi portreti farq mekunad. Yak navi mamuli Portret avtoportret ast. Rassom yo haykaltarosh Portretro dar asosi natura, khotirayu yoddoshtho va materialhoi arkhiv ofarida metavonad. Antropolog va haykaltaroshi soveti M. M. Gerasimov dar asosi omuzishi kosakhonai cap ofaridani Portretro asosnok namud va portrethoi Rudaki, Ulugbek, Amir Temur va digaronro bo in usul ofarid. Namunahoi qadimtarini Portret dar Misri Qadim ofarida shudaast, ki to zamoni mo Portrethoi Nefertiti va Ekhnaton (asrhoi 15—14 to melod) omada rasidaand. Dar haykaltaroshii Misri Qadim janri Portret ba darajai balandi inkishof rasid. Dar Portrethoi ofaridai Lisipp (asrhoi 5—4 to melod) qudratu tavonoii inson sitoish yoftaast. Dar haykaltaroshii Yunoni Qadim Portretofari kharakteri skhematiki dosht, dar davrai klassika namunahoi az jihati realisti umumikunonidashudai Portret ba nazar merasad. Dar davrai ellinizm ba jihathoi fardii odamon ahamiyati kalom doda meshud. Dar Rimi Qadim barobari haykaltaroshi dar sohai rassomi niz Portretofari rivoj yoft. Dini islom tasviri mavjudoti zindaro man kard, ki boisi dar kishvarhoi islomi rivoj nayoftani Portret dar rassomiyu haykaltaroshi gardid. Tanho dar sanati minyotur Behzod, Mahmudi Muzahhib baroi rassomoni buzurg. Portreti hamzamononi khudro ofaridaand. Sanati Portret dar davrai Ehyo dar ejodiyoti Jotto, S. Bottichelli, Pe­ro della Francheska, Jovanni Bel­lini, Leonardo da Vinchi, Rafael,. Mikelanjelo, Tisian, Jorjone (Ita­liya), El Greko (Ispaniya), Ya. Van Enk (Niderlandiya), A. Dyurer, X. Kholbeyn (Germaniya) ba avji aloi inkishof rasid. Dar nimai yakumi asri 18 namunahoi Portrethoi realistii rus (dar ejodi I. Nikitin) ba maydon omad. Dar nimai duyumi asri 18 yak qator rassomoni rus, az jumla D. G. Levitskiy, F. S. Rokotov, V. L. Borovikovskiy, F. I. Shubin sanati Portreti rusro ba poyai baland bardoshtand. Makhsusan rassomon V. G. Perov, N. N. Ge, I. N. Kramskoy, V. A. Serov, I. E. Repin dar ofaridani simoi milli va obrazi odamoni oddiyu mehnatkashi rus ba bisyor bozyofthoi kaloni ejodi noil shudaand. Dar sanati rassomii soveti rivojyobi va inkishofi janri Portret bo nomi rassomon I. I. Brod­skiy, A. M. Gerasimov, I. E. Gra­bar, L. D. Korin, M. V. Nesterov, M. S. Saryan, T. T. Salohov, haykaltaroshon E. V. Vuchetich, T. Zalkaln, S. T. Konyonkov, V. I. Mukhina, N. V. Tomskiy va digaron zich aloqamand ast.

Janri Portret dar sanati tasvirii solhoi 30 tojik dar ejodiyoti E. Bur­tsev, M. Khushmuhammadov, A. Ashu­rov, Portret Falbov va digaron paydo shuda, tadrijan tashakkul yoft. «Portreti muallim» va «Avtoportret»-i A. Ashurov yake az bozyofthoi janri Portreti in solho ba shumor rafta, bo soddagii timsol, ifodai ruhiya va olami botinii qahramonon farq mekunad. Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani Portrethoi jangovaroni daleri tojik — Qahramonhoi Ittifoqi So­veti S. Turdiev, N. Qaroboev (rassom P. Pisanko, har du 1944), portreti Qahramoni Ittifoqi Soveti D. Azizov (rassom B. Shohnazarov), inchunii portrethoi khodimoni namoyoni davlati va adabiyotu sanati tojik S. Ayni, A. Lohuti, M. Shogadoev (rassomon Pisanko va Yu. Kazmichev), G. Valamatzoda, S. Bandishoeva, «Portreti tojnidukhtar» (rassom B. Saglina) va digaron ofarida shudand, ki bo fasohatu tanosubi rang va jozibai zohiri tamoshobinro maftun mesozand. Dar solhoi 50—60 barobari digar janrhoi sanati tasviri Portretnigori niz in­kishof yoft. Dar in janr rassomoni bolayoqati tojik A. Rahimov («Port­ret bofanda Sharofat Qaroeva», 1059; «Portret mirob Khojaev», 1902; «Portret Muqim Sultonov», 1967; «Portreti chuponi nomdor», 1909), I. L. L melkov («Portreti Art. Khalqii SSSR Asli Burhonov», 11954; «Portreti havonavard Sobirov», 1963; «Portreti balerinai tojik Malika Sobirova», 1969), V. Bobo­rikin («Portreti Raya» 1957; «Sarhadchi», 1963; «Dukhtari Rushon», 1963; «Chupononi Sagirdasht», 1967), 3. Habibulloev («Portreti artist Hoshim Gadoev», 1963; «Bahor», 1967; «Jorchi», 1970), S. Qurbonov («Port­reti general M. Toshmuhammadov», 1973) va digar sanati Portretnigorii tojikro ba poyahoi boz ham baland rasonidaand. Paykartaroshon E. A. Tatarinova, A. Ganiev, K. Jumagozin, T. G. Cherednichenko muallifoni yak qator mujassamahoi portre­tii bo mahorati baland ejodshuda meboshand. Tasvirho dar jildi 1, sahifahoi 80—81, 432—33, 496—97.