POMIR

POMIR (az po va Mehr, poygahi Mehr, yane tulugohi Oftob), kishvari balandkuhest dar Osiyoi Miyona, dar qismi janubu sharqii RSS Tojikiston (asosan territoriyai Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon). Dar  in jo balandtarin qatorkuhho va buzurgtarin piryakhhoi mamlakat jo giriftaand. Masalai sarhadi tabiii Pomir bahsnok ast. Aksari tadqiqotchiyon on territoriyaero, ki az Shimol bo qatorkuhi Pasi Oloy, az Sharq bo qatorkuhi Sariqul, az Janub bo kuli Zorkul, daryoi Pomir va boloobi daryoi Panj, az Garb bo qismi meridianii vodii Papj ihota shudaast, Pomir menomand; ba Pomir inchunin dar Shimolu Garb qismhoi sharqii qatorkuhhoi Pyotri Yakum va Darvozro nisbat medihand. Baze tadqiqotchiyon (Marko Polo, D. L. Ivanov, D. V. Nalivkin, K. V. Stanyukovich, E. M. Murzaev) tanho qismi sharqii territoriyai nomburdaro Pomir meshumorand. Az rui guftai olimoni digar (N. A. Gvozdetskiy, R. D. Zabirov va digaron) kanori sharqii Pomir dar hududi Khitoy va garbiash dar Afgoniston voqe gashtaand. Dar hududi SSSR Pomir az Shimol ba Janub taqriban ba 275 km va az Garb ba Sharq ba 250 km kashol yoftaast.

Relefi Pomirro qatorkuhhoe tashkil medihaid, ki ba samthoi arzi va nazdik ba meridiani tul kashidaand. Qatorkuhhoi samtashon arzb bo strukturahoi kaloni chindor (antikli- poriyaho) muvofiqat menamoyagd, qatorkuhhoi meridiani boshand, dar rui kuhhoi asosi ba kundalangi qomat afrokhtaand. Balandii tegai qatorkuhi arzii Pasi Oloy (dar Shimol) ba hisobi miyona 6000 m, nuqtai balandtarinash qullai Lenin (7134 m) ast. Janubtar az qatorkuhi Lasi Oloy yakchand qatorkuhhoi meridiani voqe gashtaand (az Garb ba Sharq): Akademiyai Fanho, Zulumart va qatorkuhi Sariqul, ki on havzai daryohoi Amu va Tarimro az ham judo mekunad. Qullai Kommunizm (7495 m, dar qatorkuhi Akademiyai Fanho) nuqtai balandtarini SSSR ba shumor meravad. Qatorkuhhoi arzii Pyotri Yakum (q. Moskva, 6785 m), Darvoz (q. Arpavad, 6083 m), Vanj (q. Yazgulomi Baland, 5584 m), Yazgulom (q. Revolyutmiya, 6974 m), ki nisbat ba yakdigar mutavozi joygir shudaand, dar Sharq to qatorkuhi Akademiyai Fanho rafta merasand. Dar sharqtari qatorkuhi Yazgulom, dar qismi markazii Pomir, qatorkuhi arzii Muzqul (q. Ofitseroni Soveti, 6233 m.) voqe gashtaast. Dar janubtari on qatorkuhe kashol yoftaast, ki qismi garbiash Rushon va sharqiash Alichuri Shimoli yo Bozordara nomdorad. Az on janubtar qatorkuhhoi arzii Shugnon (q. Shakhi, 5704 m) va Alichuri Janubi (q. Qiziltongi, 5706 m) tul kashidaand. Kanorhoi janubu garbi va janubii Pomirro qatorkuhhoi Ishkoshim (q. Mayakovskiy, 6096 m), Shakhdara (q. K. Marke, 6726 m) va Vakhoi (q-hoi Barfin, 6504 m va Solsberi, 5679 m) ishgol kardaand. Pomirro az jihati khususiyathoi relef ba Pomiri Sh a r q i va Pomiri G a r b i judo mekunand. Hududi bayni onhoro ba tavri sharti az tegai qatorkuhi meridianii Zulumart, agbai Oqtosh (bayni daryohoi Psharti Garbi va Sharqi), qismi mobaynii qatorkuhi Alichuri Shimoli (Bozordara), kanori garbii Yashilkul va rezishgohi daryoi Mats (shokhobi rosti daryoi Pomir) meguzaronand.

Relefi Pomiri Sh a r q i r o asosan kuhhoi balandiashon miyona va vodiyu khamihoi farokhu hamvor tashkil medihand, ki tahkursii onho dar natijai harakathoi navtarini tektoniki bardoshta shudaast. Dar mavridi 4000—6000 m budani balandii mutlaq balandii gisbi, odatan, az 1000—1500 m ziyod nameshavad. Tarhi aksari kuhu qatorkuhhoi in jo teppamonand buda, onhoro vodiyu khamihoi farokhu hamvor az ham judo kardaand. Balandii vodiyu khamiho az sathi bahr 3700—4200 m, qari onhoro jinshoi selovard va morenaho pur kardaand. Baze qatorkuhho (Muzqul va gayra) dar qismi tegai khud relefi tipi balandkuhi dorand.

Iqlimi Pomir balandkuhii nihoyat kontinenti, tobistonash salqin, zimistonash qahratun. Azbaski Pomir dar mintaqai subtropikii Osiyoi Markazi voqe gashtaast, dar in jo zimiston massai havoi arzhoi mutadil va tobiston arzhoi tropiki beshtar dokhil meshavad. Dar Pomiri Sharqi (dar balandii 3600 m) harorati miyonai yanvar—17,841. Zimistoni qahratun az avvashi oktyabr to okhiri aprel davom mekunad. Harorati rasttarin dar Murgob—47°S, Bulunkul — 63°S. Tobiston kutohi salqin. Harorati miyonai iyul dar vodii Murgob 13,5°S. Dar pastkhami (Qarokul) va vodiho (Oqsu va gayra) yakhbandii doimi hukmfarmost. Dar vodihoi Pomiri Garbi (dar balandii 2100 m) harorati miyonai yanvar— 7,4°S, iyul 22,5°S. Davrai nashv (ruzhoi harorati az 5°S ziyod) dar Khorug 223 ruz va dar Murgob 140 ruz. Miqdori borishoti solona dar vodihoi Pomiri Garbi 90— 260 mm, dar Pomiri Sharqi 80—100 mm. Dar balandkuh va nishebii kuhho borishot toraft meafzoyad. Masalan, dar piryakhi Fedchenko ba 1200 mm merasad. Davrai serborish dar Sharqu Garbi — mohhoi mart — aprel, dar Pomiri Sharqi — iyun — avgust

Yakhbandi. Masohati yakhbandihoi hozirai Pomir—7500 km². Markazhoi kalontarini yakhbandi — qatorkuhhoi Akademiyai Fanho, Pasi Oloy, Rushon va Alichuri Shimoli, Yazgulom, Pyotri Yakum, Darvoz, Zulumart. Khatti barf dar qismi shimolu garbi az balandii 4000—4400 m, dar qismhoi markazi va sharqi az balandii 5000—5500 m meguzarad. Dar Pomir hamagi qarib 3000 piryakh hast. Aksari piryakhhoi Pomiri Shimoli Garbi dar vodiho joygir shudaand. Kalontarini onho — Fedchenko (tulash 71 km), Grumm-Grjimaylo (36,7 km), Garmo (27,5 km), Sugron (24 km), Jamiyati geografi (21,5 km), Fortambek (20 km) va gayra meboshaed. Piryakhi Savuqdarai Kalon (25 km)_ae jumlai kalontarin piryakhhoi qatorkuhi Pasi Oloy ba shumor meravad. Baze piryakhho (Khirson dar sargahi daryoi

Vanj, Lenin dar qatorkuhi Pasi Oloy va gayra) har sari chand vaqt bo surati dar yak shabonaruz to 100 m ba yakchand km ru ba poyon, ba sui vodiho harakat mekunand. Aksari piryakhhoi nachandon kaloni Pomirii Sharqi dar vodiho, nishebii kuhho va karrho voqe gashtaand.

Daryoho va kulho. Daryohoi Pomir asosan ba havzai daryoi Amu mansuband. Daryoi kalontarinash—Panj. (Shokhobhoi rosti on — Gund yakjoya bo

Shakhdara), Bartang (boloobash Oqsu va miyonobash Murgob nom dorand), Yazgulom, Vanj. Daryohoi Qarojilga, Muzqul va gayra ba havzai dokhilii Pomir va daryoi Markansu ba havzai Tarim taalluq dorand. Manbai daryoho — piryakhu barf. Davrai nurobii onho — tobiston. Qarokul kalontarin kuli shuri bastaest, ki dar pastkhamii tektoniki voqe gashtaast. Kulhoi nisbatan khurd: Zorkul,

Yashilkul va Sarez dar natijai bo kuhporaho band shudani vodii daryoho ba vujud omadaand.

Khelhoi asositarini landshaft. Tabiati Pomir ba tabiati Osiyoi Markazi monandii umumi dorad. Dar in jo mavjud budani mintaqahoi balandi, tafovuti bayni relefi Pomiri Sharqi va Shimolu Garbi, inchunin az Shimolu Garb ba Sharq va Janubu Sharq yakbora kam shudani miqdori borishot va toraft afzudani darajai kontinentii iqlim boisi gunogunii landshafti Pomir gardidaand. Az jumla, ba Pomiri Shar­qi landshafti makhsus — biyoboni balandkuhi khos buda, sababash balandii mutlaqi behad ziyod, iqlimi khunuki qarib arktiki va miqdori kami borishot ast. Dar in jo darakht tamoman nameruyad. Dar hamvorihoi khushki khamiyu vodiho va nishebii  kuhho nimbuttachahoi teresken, ayan, akantolimon, az alafhoi bisyorsola shibog, astragal, piyozi kuhi meruyand. Vodihoi sernamro margzoroni pur az alafhoi khushador, gesha va yavshon faro giriftaand, ki in joyho charogohhoi behtarini Pomir ba shumor meravand. Faunai Pomiri Sharqi kambagal ast. Hayvonoti ba 6 khud khosi in jo: ar­khar, nakhchir, sugur, savsor, gurg, sherpalang (irbis) va gayra; parrandahoyash: kabki hilol, uqob, sajjai tibeti, zog, sufiturgay, loshakhur va gayra. Pomiri Garbi nazar ba Pomiri Sharqi garmtar va kame serborishtar buda, rastaniho dar on jo khubtar nashunamo meyoband. Vale dar qismhoi poyonii vodihoi kuhii in jo niz biyobonhoi balandkuhi yavshonu saksavuldor voqe gashtaand. Az 3200 m bolo biyobonhoi yavshondor va akantolimonhoi bolishtakmonand, bolotar az 3600 m qitahoi biyobonhoi tipchoqu shibogdor vomekhurand. Dar balandihoi az 3800 to 4300 m rastapihoi biyobonii subalpi va bolotar az 4200—4300 m rastanihoi siraki subnivali meruyand. Sar to sari Pomiri Garby, dar joyhoi pasti sohil darakhtoni bed, safedor, tus va buttaho qad kashidaand. Dar zaminhoi obshor (konushoi selovard va sufahoi daryoi) darakhtoni mevadori zardolu, seb, murud, chormagz, tut va gayra bisyor bu­da, dar maydonhoi nisbatan hamvor (to balandii 3300 m) jav, gandum, nakhud va sabzavot koshta meshavad. Dar kuhhoi Pomiri garbi nakhchir, khirs, sherpalang, irbis, savsor, zargush, az parrandaho zargildoq, kabki hi- lol, pashshakhurak va gayra mavjudand. Daryo va kulhoi Pomir shirmohi, gulmohi va osmonmohi dorand. Pomir bo kuhhoi balandi khud ba yake az markazhoi alpinizmi SSSR va khoriji tabdil yoftaast. Nig. niz Viloyati Avtonomii Badakhshoni Kuhi (VABK).

Tarikhi tadqiqot. Doir ba tabiati Pomir hanuz dar asri 13 sayyohi italiyavi Marko Polo (1254—1324) malumoti nakhustin dodaast. Soli 1871 ba in jo baroi tadqiqot A. P. Fed­chenko, sonitar N. A. Seversov, A. E. Regel, D. L. Ivanov, G. E. Grumm- Grjimaylo, soli 1896 S. I. Korjinekiy, pas az muddate O. A. Fedchen­ko, I. V. Mushketov, V. F. Oshanin, soli 1916 D. V. Nalivkin va soli 1916 N. I. Vavilov omada budand. Makhsusan dar davrai soveti tabiati Pomir muntazam va hamatarafa tadqiq gardid. Soli 1923 nakhustin Ekspeditsiyai komileksii soveti bo rohbarii N. L. Korjenevskiy ba omukhtani orografiya, yakhbandiho, geolo­giya, limnologiya (kulshinosi) va nabototi nohiyahoi balandkuhi Pomir shuru namud. Soli 1927 Ekspeditsiyai Universiteti davlatii Osiyoi Miyona (rohbarash P. A. Baranov) tadqiqi khoku nabotot, iqlim va peshomadhoi khojagii qishloqi Pomirro ba uhdai khud girift. Soli 1928 bo rohbarii N. P. Gorbunov Ekspeditsiyai kompleksii sovetiyu germani nohiyahoi balandkuhi Pomirro harjoniba tadqiq namud, ki dar ko­ri on yak qator olimoni namoyoni soveti va nemis ishtirok kardand. Soli 1932 dar nazdi SKKh SSSR Ekspe­ditsiyai kompleksii Tojikiston tashkil yoft. Va soli 1933 on Ekspeditsiyai Pomir va digar nohiyahoi Tojikiston nomida shuda, dar davomi 5 sol korhoi ziyodero anjom dod. Minbad ba kori ekspeditsiyahoi sershumori Pomir Bazai tojikistonii AF SSSR, sonitar Filiali tojikistonii AF SSSR bo sardorii E. N. Pavlovskiy rohbari namud. Soli 1951 AF PSC Tojikiston tashkil gardida, tamomi korhoi ilmii oid ba Pomirro tahti nazorati khud girift.

Ad.: A g a kh a n ya n s O. B., Osnovnie problemi fizicheskoy geografii Pami­ra, j. 1—2, D., 1965—66; Gvozdeski y N. A., Pamir, M., 1.968; Barkhatov B. P., Tektonika Pamira, L.,            1963; P e y v e A. V. [va dig.], Tektonika Pamiro-Gimalayskogo sektora Azii, dar kit.: Gimalayskiy i alpiyskiy oro­genez, M., 1964; Chediya O. K., Los­kutov V. V., Paleogeografiya Pamira i sopredelnikh stran v pliosenchet­vertichnoe vremya, dar kit.: Chetvertich­niy period i ego istoriya, M., 1965; V a silev V. A., Kaynozoy Pamira (kontinentalnie otlojeniya), Dm 1966; 3 a b i r o v R. D., Oledenenie Pamira, M., 1955; Stanyukovich K. V., Ras­titelniy pokrov Vostochnogo Pamira, M., 1949; Ikonnikov S. S., Oprede­litel rasteniy Pamira, D., 1963; Pamir (osnovnie itogi issledovaniy prirodi Pamira za 100 let i dalneyshie per­spektivi ikh razvitiya), Du 1973.

K. V. Stanyukovich.

POMIR, daryoest dar kanori janubii Pomir (VABK). Ba havzai daryoi Amu mansub ast. Pomir az kuli Zorkul (balandiash 4126 m) cap shuda, qad- qadi sarhadi Tojikiston va Afgoniston jori meshavad. Tulash 117 km, masohatash havzaash 4320 km². Poyontar az dehai Langarbod. Vakhon yak shuda, daryoi Papj nom megirad. To hamrohshavii shokhobi Yulmazor Pomir az vodii vase va bad hamchun daryoi shukhi kuhi az vodii tangu chuqur jori meshavad.