POLITSIYa

POLITSIYa (nemisi  Polizei az yunoni Politeia — idorakunii davlat, mamuriyat), dar davlathoi istismorgar sistemai organhoi makhsusi nazoratu majburkuni va qushunhoi jazodihii khizmati dokhilie, ki sokhti mavjudai jamiyatiro ba tavri zuri oshkoro himoya mekunand. K. Marks Politsiyaro yake az nishonahoi ibtidoii davlat nomidaast. Politsiya beshtar dar asrhoi miyona, alalkhusus, dar davrai mutlaqiyat inkishof yoftaast. Burjuaziya hokimiyatro ba dast darovarda, Politsiyaro nigoh doshta, takmil dod va on minbad chun armiya ba takyagohi davlati burjuazi tabdil yoft. Politsiya yake az aslihahoi asosii davlat buda, dar jamiyati istismori hamesha az khalq judo va ba khalq zid meboshad. Dar Rossiya Politsiyaro chun tashkiloti mustaqil avvalin shuda Pyotri I (soli 1718) tasis namudaast. On ba Pooitsiyai umumi, Politsitemiyai noziri tartibot va Politsitemiyai siyosi taqsim meshud. Politsitemiyai khizmati makhsus niz vujud dosht (qasri, bandari, yarmarkagi va gayra). Ba Politsitemiya Vazorati korhoi dokhili, ki departamenti makhsusi politsiya dosht, rohbari mekard. Ba sistemai departamenti politsiya upravleniyai shahrii politmiya bo sardorii politsmeystr, qismho va uchastkahoi politsiyagi, ki onhoro pristavhoi qism va uchastka rohbari mekardand, shubahoi uchastka va zvenohoi poyonii posthoi shahri dokhil meshudand. Dar shahrhoi uezdi va uezdho organhoi Politsitemiya ba hayati upravleniyai politsiya (bo sardori politsiyai uezd), ki on tobei gubernator bud, dokhil meshudand. Hamai in sistemai marotib vakolathoi kalon dosht. V. I. Lenin qayd karda bud, ki «mutlaqiyati podshoh mutlaqiyati politsiya ast» (As., j. 6 sah. 375). Dar davlathoi kapitalistii hozira Politsitemiya asosan dar muboriza ba muqobili harakathoi revolyutsioni, korgari va quvvahoi progressivii demokrati istifoda meshavad. Du shakli sistemai Politsitemiyai milli: markazonidashuda (Avstriya, Fransiya va gayra) va gayri markazonidashuda (Britaniyai Kabir, RFG) vujud dorad. Sohahoi amaliyoti Politsitemiyaro asosan ba chunin shaklho judo kardan mumkip ast: Politsitemiyai idorakuni; Politsitemiyai bekhatari; Politsitemiyai jinoyati; Politsitemiyai mamuri (kabineti); Politsitemiyai siyosi (makhfi); Politsitemiyai harbi. Dar IMA  Politsitemiyai federali az Byuroi federalii taftishi (BFT) va yak qator digar idorahoi Politsitemiyagi iborat meboshad.

Dar mamlakathoi burjuazi Politsitemiyai khususi vujud dorad, ki on jinoyathoi khususiro justuju karda, obekthoi kaloni sanoati, naqliyoti, banki va gayraro posboni menamond. Khizmati Politsitemiyagi dar qushunhoi khushkigardi quvvahoi harbii baee mamlakathoi khoriji (IMA, Britaniyai Kabir, RFG va gayra) ba Politsitemiyai harbi dokhil meshavad. Ba uhdai on nazorati roh, dastgar kardani dezertirho va khizmatchiyoni harbii gunahkor, posboponi mahbusoni harbi, peshgiri va taftishi jinoyat, evakuatsiyai asironi harbi va gayra guzoshta meshavad. Guruh va qismhoi Politsitemiyai harbi chun qushunhoi khizmati dokhili niz istifoda meshavand.

Istilohi « Politsitemiya» dar baze davlathoi sotmialisti niz istifoda burda meshavad. (masalan, Politsitemiyai khalqi dar RDG, ki manfiathoi mehnatkashonro himoya mekunad).