Ozodi

Ozodi, dar asosi darki zarurati obektivi muvofiqi darajai donish, imkoniyat va qobiliyati faoliyati khud amal kardani odam. Ozodii odamon ba dark va istifodai qonuniyathoi obektivii tabiat asos meyobad. Masalan Ozodi dar tarikhi afkori jamiyati, az rui anana ba savoli oyo odam ozodii iroda dorad yo ne, nisbat doda meshud.

Fahmishi materialistii tarikh tasavvuroti idealistiro dar borai on, ki Ozodii shakhsiyat ba sharoitkhoi obektivi vobastagi nadorad, rad mekunad. Marksizm bar ziddi muqobilguzorii metafizikii Ozodi va zarurat niz mebaroyad. Fahmishi marksisti Ozodi va aloqai mutaqobilai dialektikii on bo zarurat az tasavvuroti volyun­taristi, ki besarusomoniro targib menamoyad va fatalisti, ki onro chup sarnavisht medonad, ba kulli farq mekunad.

Zero odamon dar faoliyati amalii harruzaashon na ba zarurati abstraktii vujuddoshta, balki bo tajassumi konkretii tarikhii on saru kor dorand, ki dar shakli munosibathoi realii ijtimoiyu iq­tisodi vujud dorand. Garchande odamon dar intikhobi sharoithoi obektivii raftori khud ozod naboshand ham, bo vujudi on dar intikhobi maqsadhoi khud ba darajai muayyan Ozodi dorand.

Zero dar dar yak lahzai mazkur na yak, balki yakchand imkoniyathoi reali vujud dorand. Az in ru, Ozodi mutlaq neyu nisbi buda, dar hayot ba rohi intikhobi plani muayyani amaliyot ravona karda meshavad. Ozodi har chi qadar ziyod boshad, odamon imkoniyathoi realii khudro hamon qadar khubtar dark mekunand.

Az in jo tarifi marksistii Ozodi chun «donistani zarurat» ba miyon meoyad, ki muvofiqi on Ozodii shakhsi­yat, kollektiv, sinf va jamiyat umuman «na az khayolan ba qonunhoi tabiat tobe nabudan…», balki bo qobiliyati «dar asosi donistan qaror qabul kardan», intikhob namudan vobasta ast (Engels Fridrikh, Anti-Dyu­ring, Dushanbe, 1975, sahifai 115).

Ozodi ba hej vajd manoi besarusomoniro ifoda namekunad. Ozodii abstrakti umuman vujud nadorad. Ozodi hamesha konkreti va nisbist. Odamon ba Ozodi vobasta ba sharoiti obektivi va vaziyathoi konkreti noil va yo az on mahrum shuda metavonand. Darajai inkishofi quvvahoi istehsolkunanda, prosesshoi obektivii tabiatu jamiyatro dark kardani odamon, sokhti ijtimoi va siyosii jamiyati mazkur andozai Ozodii naslhoi dar davrai konkretiyu tarikhiro muayyan meku­nand. Ozodii shakhsiyat faqat qismi 0zodiest, ki jamiyat umuman dar ikhtiyori khud dorad.

Az in ru, chunon ki Vladimir Ilich Lenin talimotl fardii Ozodii anarkhistiro rad karda zikr namudaast, «dar jamiyat zindagi karda istoda, az jamiyat ozod budan mumkin nest» (Lenin Vladimir Ilich, Asarhoi, jildi 10, sahifai 36). Taqsimoti mehnat, molikiyati khususi budani vositahoi istehsolot va ba sinfhoi antagonisti chudo shudani jamiyat dar formasiyahoi antagonisti boisi hukmronii man­fiathoi gayrirasmi va prosesshoi ba tavri beshuurona amalkunanda megardand, ki az ikhtiyori odamon berun baromada ba oqibathoi badi ijtimoi ovarda merasonad.

Dar chunin sharoit Ozodii sinfhoi hukmron zarurati molikiyati khususi, sarvathoi moddi va manaviro idora kar­dani onho, ba foidai digaron khizmat namudani sinfhoi istismorshavanda, irodai begonaro ijro namudani onhoro taqozo mekunad. Hajmi molikiyati khususi, ki imkoniyati sarishta namudani nemathoi moddiyu manaviro ba miyon meorad, ba andozai Ozodii fardi tabdil meyobad.

Dar tuli tamomi tarikhi insoniyat muborizai odamon ba muqobili mahdudkunii Ozodii ijtimoi dar kadom shakle, ki zuhur yofta boshad, quvvai tavonoi harakatdihanda va progressi jamiyati bud. Ozodi va barobari dar Evropai Garbi va Ame­rikai Shimoli dar arafai revolyutsiyahoi burjuazi chun barobarii tabiii odamon elon karda shudaand, ki huquqhoi yakkhelai istifodai komyobihoi tamaddun, idora namudani mahsuli mehnatu qismati khudro ifoda mekard.

Burjuaziyai progres­sivi dar tahti shiori «Ozodi, baro­bari, barodari!» ommai khalqro az qafoi khud ba muboriza bar ziddi feodalizm burdaast. Tarikhi jamiyati kapitalisti talimoti burju­azii Ozodiro inkor mekunad. Ozodii shakhsiyat hatto dar mamlakathoi mutaraqqii kapitalistii muosir ba andozai muayyan qalbaki shuda, huquqhoi realii (Ozodi sukhan, vijdon, tashkilot, majlis) dar rafti muborizai purshiddat badastovardai ommai khalq az tarafi irtijo doimo poymol meshavand.

Ideologhoi burjuazi shiori Ozodiro ba maqsadhoi pro­pagandisti vase istifoda mebarand. Chunin ast mohiyati shiori «olami ozod», talimothoi mukhtalifi tekhnokrati va bikhevioresty, ki baroi muhofizati jamiyati poymolkunandai Ozodi—kapitalizm isti­foda meshavand.

Tanho dar natijai nest namudani munosibathoi antagonistii bayni odamon, ki dar natijai hukmronii molikiyati khususi ba miyon meoyand, sharoithoi obektivii Ozodii haqiqi faroham meoyad. Faoliyati jamiyatii odamon hamon vaqt ejodkori haqiqatan ozod va boshuuronai tarikh buda metavonad, ki agar joi pro­sesshoi beshuuronai jamiyatiro inkshpof muvofiqi plan bigirad.

Dar chamiyati kommunisti, navishtaast F. Engels, «quvvahoi obektivii begonae, ki to hol ba tarikh hukmrony karda meomadand, zeri nazorati khudi odamon medaroyand. Faqat az hamon vaqt cap karda odamon ta­rikhi khudro khudashon komilan boshuurona ejod kardan megirand, faqat hamon vaqt omilhoi jamiyatie, ki az tarafi odamon ba harakat ovarda meshavand, besh az pesh oqibathoero ba miyon meovarand, ki dilkhohi oda­mon boshand. In az olami zarurat ba olami ozodi jahidani insoniyat meboshad» (Engels F_m Anti-Dyu­ring, Dushanbe, 1975, sahifai 299).

Dar barobari in baroi ba dast ovardani Ozodii purrai fardi boyad, ki manfiathoi dar yak shakhs ba manfiathoi hamai azoyoni digari jamiyat muvofiq bo­shand. Revolyutsiyai sotsialisti ba Ozodii oda­mon dar tamomi sohahoi hayoti chamiyati ibtido guzosht. Ozodii maz­kur dar barobari inkishofi bosurati quvvahoi istehsolkunanda, revolyutsiyai ilmiyu tekhniki, takomuli munosibathoi jamiyati, boloravii madaniyatnokii umumi meafzoyad. Ozodi dar  jamiyati kommunisti bo faroham ovardani hamai sharoithoi zapypii baroi inkishofi hamatarafai shakhsiyat mepayvandad. Nigared niz Ozodihoi demokrati.

Adabiyot: Marks Karl i Engels F.. Nemeskaya ideologiya, Sochineniya, 2 izdanie tom 3; Engels Fridrikh, Anti-Dyuring, Dushanbe, 1975;

Lenin V. I., Davlat va revolyutsiya, Asarhoi., jildi 25; Programmai KPSS, Dushanbe, 1974; Materialhoi sezdi 26 KPSS, Dushanbe, -1981; Konstitutsiyai (qonuni asosii) Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti, Dushanbe, 1977; Oyeerman T. I., Marksist­sko-leninskoe ponimanie svobodi, Moskva,

1967; Balle r E., Chelovek i svoboda. Moskva, 1972.