Orinoko

Orinoko (Orinoco; ba zaboni hinduhoi mahalli Orinuku—daryo), daryoest dar Amerikai Janubi, dar Venesuela va Kolumbiya. Tulash muvofiqi malumothoi mukhtalif az 2500 to 2730 kilometr, masohati havzaash 1086 hazor kilometr². Dar nishebihoi garbii kolkhozhoi Serra-Parima (qismi janubi gar­bii sufakuhi Gviana) ibtido yofta, az pastii Gviana jori meshavad va ba uqyonusi Atlantik rekhta, deltaro ba vujud meorad.

Shokhobhoi asosiash: az rost — Ventuari, Kaura, Karoni; az chap — Guavyare, Bicha da, Meta, Arauka, Apure. Dar jarayoni bolo az Orinoko daryoi Kasikyare chudo shuda, ba sui havzai daryoi Amazonka jori megardad. Daryo to rezishgohi daryoi Meta serostonayu tezjarayon ast. Dar delta ba 36 shokhayu yakchand obraha judo meshavad. Shokhahoi asosiash: Manamo, Maka­reo, Araguao, Merekhana, Boka-Gran­de. Manbal Orinoko asosan boron. Dar mavsimi purobiash (aprel— sentyabr) sathi ob to 10—15 metr baland mesha­vad.

Sarfi miyonai solonai ob dar qismi boloii delta qarib 29 hazor metr^e/soniya, maksimaliash 50—55 hazor metr³/soniya, minimaliash 5—7 hazor metr^/soniya. Dar davomi sol az daryo ba uqyonus qarib 915 kilometr⁹ ob merezad. Darozii umumii rohhoi kishtigard dar hav­zai Orinoko qarib 12 hazor kilometr. Dar mavsi­mi purobiash to daryoi Guavyare kishti­gard. Dar daryoi Karoni GES-ho bunyod megardand. Dar sohili Orinoko shahrhoi San­ta-Barbara, Puerto-Ayakucho, Syudad- Bolivar, Puarto-Ordas (Venesuela), Puerto-Karreno (Kolumbiya) voqe gashtaand.

Soli 1498 X. Kolumb to sargahi yake az shokhahoi rezishgohi Orinoko rafta ra-sid. Olimi nemis A. Gumboldt hamrohi botaniki fransavi E. Boplan soli 1800 qad-qadi Orinoko safar karda, robitai bayni sistemahoi Orinoko va daryoi Amazonkaro muayyan namudand. Sar­gahi Onro soli 1951 azoyoni ekspedisiyai Fransiyayu Venesuela kashf kardand.