Okrugi Avtonomii Nenesho

Okrugi Avtonomii Nenesho, dar hayati viloyati Arkhangelski RSFSR. 15 iyuli 1929 tashkil shudaast. Dar intihoi Shimoli Sharq hamvorii Evropai Sharqi voqe ast. Onro bahrhoi Safed, Barens, Pechora, Kara ihota kardaand. Masohati 176,7  hazor kilometr². Aholiash 47 hazor nafar (1979). Asosan Nenesho, rusho, inchunin komiho, ukrainho va digar khalqho zindagi mekunand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 kilometr² 0,2 kas. 1 shahr, 1 posyolkai tipi shahr dorad. Markazash shahri Naryan-Mar. Bo ordeni Dustii Khalqho mukofotonida shudaast (1972).

            Tabiat. Sathash hamvor. Qatorkuhhoi qadimiyu vayronshudai Kanin Ka­men, shokhahoi shimoli qatorkuhi Timan, Pay-Khoy (balandiash 300—400 metr) mavjudand. Qismi garbii tundrahoi Kanin va Malozemel hamvoru botloqzor ast. Iqlimash qahratun, harorat, miyonai yanvar az —12 to —22° Selsiya,. iyul az 6 to 13° Selsiya. Borishoti solona 280—420 milimetr. Dar bisyor joyho yakhbandii bisyorsola dida meshavad.

Davrai nashvi rastani 72—110 shaboruz. Daryocha va kulhoi khurdi ziyode dorad. Daryoi Pechora az territoriyai Okrugi avtonomii nenesho meguzarad, ki poyonobash kishtigard ast. Khokash asosan tundragi-glei buda, dar Janubu Garb qitahoi hoki klei-khokistari vomekhurand. Beshtar az ³/₄ qismi masohatash tundra ast.

Beshtar alafu ushnazorho  dar sohili daryoho bedzori zich, dar Janub va Janubi Garbi okrug besha, dar daryobodi Pechora va sohili bahrho margzorho mavjudand. Qismi ziyodi territoriyai  Okrugi avtonomii nenesho  dar faslhoi gunogun  hamchun charogoh istifoda meshavad.  Olami hayvonotash boy. Hayvonoti shikori: ruboh, rubohi shimoli, az parrandaho kabki safed, goz, murgobi va gayra. Dar daryo va bahrho mohi bisyor ast.

Malumoti tarikhi. Solnomai Nestor yake az avvalin sarchashmahoest, ki dar borai nenesho malumot medihad  (okhiri  asri 11 ). Territoriyae, ki nenesho zindagi mekardand, az okhiri asri 16 — to ibtidoi asri 17 dar itoati davlati Moskva bud. Aholii mahalli bodiyanishin buda, bo gavaznparvari, mohidoriyu shikor shugl dosht.

Jabru zulmi amaldoroii podshohi, majburan jori kardani dini nasroni neneshoro borho ba shurish khezonda bud  (shurishhoi khalqii 1719, 1731, 1749; kalontarin shurish tahti rohbarii nenes Vavle Nenyagi dar solhoi 1825—40). Pas az galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii  Oktyabr nenesho az vartai halokat ozod shudand, dar hayoti iqtisodi va madanni onho tagyiroti kulli ba vujud omad.

Mehnatkashoni nenes dar zamoni jangi grajdanii solhoi 1918—20 Shimoli Sovetiro az gvardiyachiyoni safed va interventho mudofia kardand. Dar territoriyai Okrugi avtonomii nenesho  tobistoni 1921 Hokimiyati Soveti purra barqaror shud. Bo qarori Prezidiumi KIM-i Umumirossiya iyuli 1929 Okrugi millii nenesho tashkil karda shud (az soli 1977 Okrugi avtonomii nenesho.)   Khalqi rus va digar khalqhoi SSSR taraqqi dodani khojagii khalq va tayyor namudani kadrhoi milli ba nenesho yorii kalon rasondand. Avvalin yacheykai VKP(b) soli 1930 tashkil shud. Namoyandagoni khalqi nenes dar Jangi Buzurgi Vatani bar ziddi fashistoni istilogar ishtirok kardand.

            Khojagi. Sohahoi  asosii khojagii khalq gavaznparvari, mohigiri, shikor va saydi khayvonoti bahri. Okrugi avtonomii nenesho yake az nohiyahoi asosii gavaznparvarii SSSR meboshad. Dar poyonobi  Pechora va rayonhoi nazdibahrii – Garbi Okrugi avtonomii nenesho  8 kolkhozi mohigiri tashkil karda shudaast.

Bo kishtihoi puriqtidori khud in khojagiho hatto az uqyonusi Atlantik mohi megirand. Okrugi avtonomii nenesho  taqriban 1/4 qismi muinai viloyati Arkhangelskro tayyor menamoyad (asosan rubohi shimoli). Dar 4 fermai khayvonoti muinador rubohi kabudchatobi shimoli, rubohi nuqrafomi siyohchashm, samuri obi me­parvarand.

Chorvodori ham vusat meyobad. Soli 1978 8,1 hazor gov, 0,5 hazor khuk, 2,0 hazor buzu gusfand, 178 hazor gavazni shimoli dosht. Ziroatkori taraqqi kardaast. Beshtar kartoshka mekorand. Sanoati khurokvori viz vusat yoftaast (kombinathoi mohi, gusht va zavodhoi ravgan). Zavodi chu­bu takhta kor mekunad. Konhoi gaz va neft mavdudand. Bandarho: Nar­yan-Mar. Amderm. Naryan-Mar bo yak qator shahrhoi SSSR va rayonhoi khudi Okrugi avtonomii nenesho  bo rohi havoi aloqa dorad.

                Sokhtmoni madani. Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti nenesho alifboi khudro tartib dodand. Soli khonishi 1978—79 dar maktabhoi malumoti umumi, 8,5 hazor talaba, dar maktabhoi miyonai makhsus 0,6 hazor talaba mekhond. Dar Okrugi avtonomii nenesho  37 kitobkhonai ommavi, muzei kishvarshinosi, khonai ejodiyoti khalq, maktabi musiqi, teatri namoishdihi, khonai pioneron kor mekardand.

Dar Naryan-Mar stansiyai tajribavii Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii khojagii qishloqi Shimoli Aqso mavjud ast. Soli 1979 dar Okrug 102 dukhtur, 502 korkunoni miyonai tibbi va dar bemorkhonaho 540 kat bud. Barnomahoi radio ba zaboni rusi, nenesi shunavonida meshavand. Aholi ba vositai stansiyai «Or­bita» barnomahoi televizioni markaziro tamosho mekunad. Gazetai okrugii «Naryanat-vinder» («Tuyad­rachii surkh», az soli 1929 ba zaboni ru­si) nashr meshavad.

            Adabiyot. Nenesho to Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr khat nadoshtand. Shaklhoi gunoguni adabiyoti dahonaki vujud dosht. Rassom va guyanda Tiko Vilka (I. K Vilka 1883—1960) shuhrati kalon dosht. Afsona va dostonhoi u solhoi 1936 va 1965 nashr shudand. Ananai uro zabonshinosu folklorshinosi nenes A. P. Pirerko (1905—41) davom dod. U majmuai «Afsonahoi nenesi» (1935), «Afsonahoi tu» (1936), «Pisari kampir» (1939) va povesti «Pisari khurdii Vedo»-ro (1940, 1960) nashr kard.

Dar peshrafti adabiyoti khattii nenesho olimoni rus G. N. Prokofev, G. D. Verbov, A. A. Savelev khizmati kalon kardand. Dar solhoi pas az jang shoiron A. I. Pichkov (tavallud 1934), majmuai «Payrahai gavaznho», (1969), V. N. Ledkov (tavallud 1933), majmuai «Yakhiston» (1972) va gayra chop kardand. Bisyor asarhoi navisandagoni khalqhoi SSSR ba zaboni nenesi va asarhoi adiboni nenes ba zaboni rusi tarjuma shudaand.