Oykhonum

Oykhonum, dimnai shahri Yunonu Bokhtari mansub ba asrhoi 4—1 to milod, ki dar Afgonistoni Shimoli, dar rezishgohi daryoi Kukcha (shokhobi daryoi Panj) voqe ast. Az soli 1965 az tarafi Missiyai ar­kheologii Fransiya dar Afgoniston omukhta meshavad. Holo hafriyoti bolohisor, mabad, markazi siyosi, maqbaraho va qismi ziyodi shahr ba intiho rasidaast.

Oykhonum sekunja buda, az tarafi seyum bo devori gafsu balandi 10-metra mustahkam shuda­ast. Devor va burjhoi rostkunjai on du qator tirkash dosht. De­vori shimoli  az berun doroi khandaqi khushk bud.

Hududi umumii shahr 1800×1600 metr. Dar boloi shahr du ark — yake dar qismi shimol v a dig are dar qismi janubi sharqi voqe bud. Olimon takhmin mekunand, ki Oykhonumro yo Iskandari Maqduni va yo Selevk bunyod kardaand. Chunin takhmin ham hast, ki asosguzori Oykhonum shakhse bo nomi Kinios meboshad, zero dar ibtidoi davrai ellini odate bud, ki tanho bunyodguzori shahrro dar dokhili shahr dafn mekardand.

Maqbarai Kinios dar dokhili shahr hafr gardida, no­mi u dar katibai maqbara zikr shu­daast. Maqbara az peshayvoni dusutuna va gurkhona iborat bud, ki bar tahkursii sezina bino yoftaast. Ja­sadi Kinios dar tobuti sangi dafn shudaast. Maqbara hanuz dar zamoni qadim gorat gardpda, az ashyoi on tanho zarfhoi sangi va gachii yunoni yoft shud. Sokhti maqbara sof yunonist. Az maqbara porai takhtasange paydo shud, ki dar on 50 nasihati akhloqiro kandaand.

Binohoi Oykhonum dar asosi ananahoi mahalli sokhta shudaand. Devorho az khishti khom va pokhsa bino yofta, az sang tanho sutun, poyai on, bolodari mesokhtand. Farshi binohoro bo gil andova mekardand va shoyad ba rui on qolinu namadho meandokhtaand. Bomi binohoro ba tavri mahalli hamvor mesokhtaand.

To in dam dar Osiyoi Markazi cvtunho az chub va tanho poysutuni az sang sokhta meshudand. Dar Oykhonum sutunho purra az sang buda, boshaho ba shakli barghoi kalon zinat doda shudaand. Baze beshaho sof yunoniand, bazei digar ba tarzi     ozodtar sokhta shuda, unsurhoi sanati mahalli dorand. Dar Oykhonum tanho yak sutuni chub yoft shud, vale on ham dar natijai sukhtor ba angisht mubaddal shudaast. Dar in sutun ananai sanati mahalli tajassum yoftaast.

Yak qismi shahrro dar masohati ZOOkh KhZOO metr binohoi rasmi ishgol kardaand. In markazi siyosi az yak havlii 130X108 metra (dar chor tarafash ayvonho joy girifta, saqfi onho ba 116 sutun takya mekard), yak tolori kaloni 26,7X12 metr, qasr va yakchand khonahoi digar iborat ast. Dar qismi janubi binoi mamuri va digar khonayu tolor kashf shud. Qasri murabbai in qismi siyosi tavassuti chor rohrav ba chor manzili murabbai digar taqsim shuda, har yake az khonavu tolorho iborat budaast.

Dar devorhoi dokhilii qasr osori rang va sutunhoi ba devor chaspida yoft shudand. Ba aqidai muhaqqiqon dar du nimai in qasr du hokimi shahr, ki dar idorai shahr qudrati barobar doshtand, zindagi mekardand. Khonahoi shakhsi peshayvoni dusutuna dosh­tand va az yak tolor va chand khonahoi khurd iborat budand.

Dar pasi binoho hammomhoe budand, ki aksari onho bo qayroqsanghoi harranga farsh karda shudaand. Mabadi buzurgi murabbai (19X19 m) shahr dar miyonai havlii kalon, dar boloi tahkursii sezina bunyod gardidaast. Mabad ba qaddi namoi khud peshayvon dosht. Dar peshgohi mabad ibodatgoh va dar du tarafi on du mabuda va nazargoh joy giriftaast. Mabad muvofiqi ananahoi mahalli sokhta shuda, juziyotash ba san­ati mabadsozii davrai Hakhomanishiyon shabohat dorad.

Dar sikkahoe, ki az khizonai kashfgardida ba dast omadand, oliha va khudoho — Arte­mida, Zevs, Apollon va qahramoni asotiri Yunon Gerakl tasvir yoftaand. Dar Oykhonum inchunin yakchand sikkahoi hindu yunoni yoft shudand, ki dar onho khudohoi vishnuiya (yake az jarayonhoi dini hinduiya) tasvir yofta, katibai sikkaho az yak taraf ba yunoni va az digar taraf ba hindi sabt shudaand. In sikkaho ba Hindi davrai ellini mutaalliqand.

Maqbarai digar, ki dar beruni devori shahr joy doshtaast, az yak dahlez dar miyona va chor khonai gumbazpushi ba dahlez payvast (gurkhonaho) iborat bud. Maqbara asari sanati memorii mahalli buda, dar on mayithoro muvofiqi rusumi mahalli meguronidaand. Dar Oykhonum porahoi takhti oji yoft shud, ki sokhtash ba kursihoi yunoni monand ast va naziri on az Niso yoft shud.

Baraksi mujassamahoi sangi haykalchahoi maydai gili ba uslubi realistonai sof sharqi ofarida shudaand, ni baroi ilm ahamiyati ka­lon dorand. In haykalchaho mujassa- man khudohoi mahalli buda, baze bo libos va baze barahna meboshand, azoi badani onho khele aniqu daqiq tajassum gardida, baze haykalchaho bo javohirot zinat yoftaand. Dar naqshi murakkabi tabaqi nuqragiyu (qutri tabaq 25 santimetr), ki az Oykhonum yoft shud, ananahoi sanati yunoni va mahalli ba ham omekhtaand.

Solhoi 50 to milod Oykhonum dar natijai hujumi digar qabilahoi bodiyanishin tamoman kharob gashta, ba zeri khok mondaast. Bozyofthoi Oykhonum shahodat medihand, ki yunoniyoni Bokhtar madaniyati khudro ba madaniyati mahalli payvasta, yak madaniyati navi ba khud khos ofarida budaand.