Oila

Oila shakli umumiyati odamon ast, ki munosibathoi zanu- shavhari va kheshutaboriro darbar megirad. Karl Marks va Fridrikh Engels oilaro hamchun munosibati bayni zanu shavhar, volidayn va farzandon muayyan kardaand» (K. Marks i Fridrikh Engels Sochinenie tom 3, sahifai 27). Nikoh asosi huquqii Oila ast.

Paydoishi Oila zuhuroti tabiiyu tarikhist. Tarikhi insoniyat du shakli Oilaro medonad: p o l i g a m i (guruhi) va monogami (yakkanikohi). Monogamiya shakli balandtarini oiladorist. Khususiyati Oila ba tarzi muayyani istehsolot, kharakteri munosibathoi istehsoli va darajai inkishofi tamadduni jamiyati vobasta ast.

Paydoishi molikiyati khususi, sinfhoyu munosibathoi sinfi bonisi tashakkuli Oilahoi monogami gardidaast. Masalai gun namudani sarvat omili asosii ustuvorgardii Oilahoi monogami bud. Dar natijai galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr tipi sifatan navi Oila ba miyon omad.

Sotsializm asoshoi iqtisodi, akhloqiyu khuquqi va munosibati azoyoni Oilaro ba tartib ovarda, tabiati onro ba kulli tagyir dod. Aknun manbai asosii faoliyati Oilaro daromadi mehnatii azoyoni on tashkil medihad. Sarvathoi mehnatii Oila muvofiqi talaboti azoyoni on taqsim meshavand. Dar ayni hol az on baroi azoyoni qobili mehnat nabudai Oila hissa judo karda meshavad.

Az tarafi jamiyat ba zimma giriftani parastorii hamatarafai kuda- kon, pironsolon va mayubon koru tashvishi Oilaro sabuk mekunad. Qonuniyati (mazkur ba afzudani mustaqiliyati iqtisodii azoyoni oila, barobarii komili bayni zanu shavhar, javonon va piron, padaru modaron va farzandon ovarda meraso­nad.

Faroham ovardani chunin sharoit ba mahvi khurofothoi oilavi (munosibati boyu feodali nisbat ba zan, bemasuliyati dar oila va gayra) musoidat mekunad. Boqi mondani vazifai khojagiyu istehsolii Oila dar zamoni sotsializm niz merosi zamoni guzashtai on ast. Afzudani daromadi aholi az hisobi khochagihoi jamiyati va baland shudani maqomi khizmatrasoni boisi barham khurdani vazifai mazkuri Oila megardad.

Ammo qonuniyati mazkur prosessi duru daroz buda, faroham ovardani zaminahoi makhsusi moddi va ijtimoiro talab mekunad. Az in ru, dar rafti sokhtmoni kommunizm partiya va hukumat baroi khojagihoi khonagiro ba istehsoloti kaloni jamiyati tabdil dodan chorahoi zaruri meandeshand.

Afzudan va vase namudani khizmatrasonii jamiyati, ba khovagii kaloni mekhanikonidashuda tabdil dodani seti khizmati maishi, baroi tamini barobarii haqiqii jinsho, afzudani darajai manavi va munosibathoi mustahkami azoyoni Oila tamomi sharoitro faroham meovarad. Bar khilofi Oilahoi burjuazi vazifai muhimtarini jamiyatin Oilai sotsialisti tarbiyai nas­li navras ast.

Mavjudiyati farqiyati ijtimoi, inchunin gunogunii darajai mada- niyatnoki va manavii azoyoni jamiyat boisi nobarobarii tarbi­yai nasli navras dar Oilaho megardad.

Nobarobarii iqtisodii Oilaho no­barobarii inkishof dodani qobili- yat va tarbiyai kudakonro darbar megirad. Darajai pasti madaniyat va akhloq dar baze Oilaho boisi tarbiyai nodurusti farzandon megardad. Az hamin jost, ki jamiyat ba tarbiyai bemayloni jamiyatii nasli navras ahamiyati kalon medihad.

Dar barobari in az sahmi Oila va metodhoi gunoguni tarbiyavii on sarfi nazar karda nameshavad. Az in ru, inkishofi tarbiyai jamiyati (vase namudan» doirai muassisahoi tomaktabi, khonai pioneron, maktab-internatho va digar muassisahoi kudakona) va oilavi zarur ast. Bemaylon bartaraf namudani mahdudiyathoi oilavi va tamin namudani tanosubi durusti tarbiyai Oila va jamiyat imkon medihad, ki tarbiyai nasli navras durust ba roh monda shavad.

Muvofiqi malumoti baruykhatgirii soli 1979 dar SSSR 122,6 million mardu zan dar aqdi nikohand. Az 66,3 million Oila 29,7%- — 2 nafari, 28,9% —3 nafari, 23% —4 nafari, 18,4% — 5 nafari va ziyodtar meboshand.

Dar sharoiti sotsializm munosibathoi oilaviyu nikohiro davlat tanzim mekunad. Oila dar panohi davlat ast. Davlat dar haqqi oila bo rohi barpo namudan va ziyod kar­dani muassisaho, tashkilothoi  bachagona va takmil dodani khizmati maishi, yordampuliyu madadrasoni gamkhori mekunad (Konstitutsiya (qonuni asosii) SSSR, Dushanbe, 1977, sahifai 18). Bo mururi ba fazai olii jamiyati kommunisti guzashtani odamoni sovei dakholati davlat ba Oila ahamiyati khudro gum mekunad. Oilai kommunisti tipi olii munosibathoi zanoshuy va mustahkamtarinu khushbakhtarin khohad shud.

Adabiyot: Vne rabochee vremya i ego ispol­zovanie. Sosiologiya SSSR, tom 2, Moskva, 1966; Stroitelstvo kommunizama i razvitie obshestvennikh otnosheniy, Moskva, 1966; Kharche v A. G., Bit i semya v sosialisti­cheskom obshestve, Leningrad, 1968. Nekotorie vo­prosi teorii nauchnogo kommunizma. Dushanbe. 1971.