Nutq

Nutq  (ar. & — qobilnyati gap zadan, guftor), aloqai zaboni, yake az namudhoi robitai odamon. Nutq hamchun vositai mutobiqkunii faoliyati yakjoya dar kollektiv ba vudud omadaast.

Dar adabiyoti ilmi oid ba mohiyat va vazifahon Nutq aqidaqoi mukhtalif vudud dorand. B. Kroche Nutqro vosi­tai ifodai ehsosot meshumorad; 0. Ditrikh, K. Yaberg, K. Fossler du vazifai asosii Nutq— ifoda va mutobiqkuniro qayd kardaand. Ba aqi­dai A. Marti, II. Vegener Nutq faqat vositai tasirrasonist. K. Byuler Nutqro khamchun vositai ifoda, murojiat va ravobit medonad. Psikholog- hoi muosir du vazifai asosii Nutqro nishon medihand: a) Nutq—vosita va olati aloqa; b) Nutq— vositai talim va olati tafakkur. Az nazari psikho­logiya va fiziologiya Nutq yake az funksiyai vazifahoi olii psikhikii odam ast. Dar jarayoni  inkishofi psikhikii kudak Nutqi vay ba tufayli prosesshoi toraft murakkabshavandai aloqa tadrijan tashakkul meyobad.

Vazifai fiziologii Nutq, ki odamonro ba vositai ovozho aloqamand megardonad, az tashkili Nutq va darkkunoni iborat ast. Majmui uzvhoe, ki dar tashkili Nutq ishkhtirok dorand, apparati Nutq nomida meshavand. Dar prosessi dark analizatori somea va sistemam asab ishtirok mekunand.

Nutqi dahoni az ovozhoi paydarham (sadonokho va hamsadoho) ibo­rat ast. In ovozho dar Nutq odatan yakjoya talaffuz meshavand. Har odam tarzi talaffuzi khos dorad. Pesh az talaffuzi ovozho signal ba markazi Nutq meravad. Badi az markazi Nutqi mayna rasidani «farmon» ba mushakhoi talaffuz ovozhoi Nutq tashkil meyoband. Tashkili Nutqro bo rohi navorgiri va bo datchikhoi makhsus

sanjidan mumkin ast. Bazan vayronii Nutq niz mushohida mesha­vad. Sababhoi asosii on: illathoi uzvhoi Nutq, nuqsi boftahoi asabi onho, inchunin tagyiroti tabii, illat dar baze qismhoi sistemai markazii asab. Khatoi tartibi kalimaho dar jumla, talaffuzi nodurusti kalimaho, ovozho, rioya nakardan ba surat va ravopi, tutilagi, saqavi Nutqi vayron ast. Kari va gushvaznini ham boisi vayronni Nutq mesha­vad. Vayronii Nutq beshtar bo ruy dodani kasalihoi aleksiya, agrafiya, va gayra vobasta ast.

Barobari murakkab shudani istehsolot va inkishofi hayoti jamiyati mavqei mubodila ba vositai Nutq to­raft vusat meyobad. Vayronii Nutq dar in vaziyat baroi odamon gamangez ast. Taqriban 30 foizi odamone, ki maynaashon oseb didaast, barobari nosozii harakat dar Nutq khondan, navishtan, shumurdan va gayra niz nuqs paydo mekunand.

Shakli digari patologiyai Nutq ba nom l o g o n e v r o z, tutilagist, ki norasoii kaloni Nutq ba shumor mera­vad. Tutilagi barvaqt cap shavad ham, kasalii bachagona nest, dar sinni navrasi va javoni barham namekhurad, solho davom mekunad. Bo vujudi oqibathoi: vaznini kasalii mayna va zakhmi neyron bo usuli A. R. Luriya va shogirdoni u bisyor dardmandon tabobat yofta, _ba kori jamiyati bargashtand. Hanuz baze masalahoi doir ba paydoishi tutilagi noravshanand, zero Nutq yake az vazifahoi murakkabi magzi cap ast. Boyad guft, ki tutilagi sababhoi ziyode dorad: biologi, psikhologi, ijtimoi. Dar tabobati on boyad mutakhassisoni gunogun: ham logopedu dukhturoni asab, ham psikhoterapev­tu psikhologho ishgirok kunand. Vayronii Nutqro nevropatologho va logopedkho muayyan mekunand. Muolijai ambulatorii uzvhoi Nutq dar kabinethoi logopedi, muolijai stasionari dar klinikahoi makhsusi Nutq ba roh monda meshavad. Baroi bachagone, ki nutqashon nuqsnok ast, maktabhoi makhsus vujud dorand. (Nigared niz Logopediya).

Adabiyot: Vigotskiy L. S., Izb. psi­khologicheskie issledovaniya, Moskva,       1958;

J i n k i n N. I., Mekhanizmi rechi, Moskva, 1958; Leontev A. A., Yazik, rech, rechevaya deyatelnost, Moskva, 1969; Lu­riya A. R., Visshie korkovie funksii cheloveka i ikh narusheniya pri lokal­nikh porajeniyakh mozga, Moskva,  1982;

Shil o v s k iy V., Rech — dar bessen­niy, Moskva, 1978.