Numizmatika

Numizmatika (az lot. numisma, yun. nomisma — tanga), fanni yorirasoni tarikh ast, ki tarikhi tasviroti tangaho, katibaho, vazn, az kadom filiz sokhta shudan va ahamiyati onro dar muomiloti puli va gayra meomuzad. Numezmatika ba halli masalahoi khronologiya va hayoti siyosi, madaniyati moddi, tarikhi hayoti iqtisodi, savdoi dokhili va beruni imkoniyat faroham ovarda, ba ilmhoi tarikh, arkheologiya, paleografiya, tarikhi sanat, iqtisodi siyosi, etnografiya yorii kalon merasonad. Numizmatika inchunin pulhoi qogazi (bonistika), medal, orden va nishonho (faleristika)-ro meomuzad.

To paydo shudani pulhoi filizi vazifai onro molhoi gunogun: hayvonot, asbobi oroish, yaroqhoi fili­zi va gayra ado menamudand. Bo inkishofi iqtisodiyoti jamiyat va taraqqiyoti savdo ba pul zarurat paydo shud. Tanho sardoroni davlatho ba sikka zadani on huquq doshtand. Avvalin tangahoi filizi asrhoi 8—7 to melod dar davlati Lidiyai Osiyoi Khurd paydo shudand. Dar Osiyoi Miyona avvalin tangaho (az nuqra) ibtidoi asri 3 to melod barovarda shud. Dar rui on aksi podoshoh, dar tarafi digarash hudohoi gunogun, hayvonoti muqaddas tasvir va yo nomi podshoh va muhrash sabt megardid.

Tangahoi qadima vazni muayyan doshtand, va­le bo sababi islohoti pul zud-zud tagyir meyoftand. Tanga avvalho az nuqrayu tillo va badtar az omekhtai filizoti gunogun: tillo, nuqra, mis, surb va gayra. sikka zada meshud. Aniq kardani vazn va filizi tanga baroi barqaror namudani yak qator voqeahoi hayoti iqtisodi, omuzishi topografiyai joyhoi yoftshudai tan­ga baroi muayyan namudani doirai muomiloti puli, rohhoi tijjoratii qadim va tarzi dodugirift yori me­rasonad. Namudi tangaho, qatiibahoi ruv onho baroi aniq namudani shaklhoi idorakunii davlat, ivazshavii podshohoi, munosibathoi baynihamdigarii voliho, tabadduloti darbori va gayra ahamiyati kalon paydo mekunand.

Numizmatika az kollektsiyai numiz­matika farq dorad. Kolleksiya namudani tangaho asrhoi 14—15 dar Italiya cap shudaast. Ba Numizmatika ilmi dar nimai duyumi asri 18 numizmatiya venagi Y. X.  Ekkel asos guzoshta bud. Numinmatika dar tarikhshinosii soveti shartan ba Numizmatika davrahoi atiqa, Vi­zantiya, Sharq (tangahoi dar asrhoi miyona sikkazadai mamlakathoi Osiyo va Afrika, az jumla Kavkaz, Krim, sohilhoi Volgaro dar bar megirad), Garb (tangahoi dar asrhoi miyona, zamoni nav va navtarin dar Evropai Garbi, ShMA, Kanada, Amerikai Lotini sikka zadashudaro meomuzad) va rus (davrai soveti ham dokhil meshavad) judo karda shudaast. On az tadqiqoti katibaho va tasviri tangahoi atiqa ogoz yoftaast. Muhaqqiqoni Numizmatikai rus (G. K. E. Keller, A. V. Oreshnikov, A. N. Zograf) tangahoi davlathoi sohili shimoli bahri Siyohro omukhtand.

Az nimai duyumi asri 19 sar karda Numizmatikai Vizantiya chun so­hai alohida judo shud va dar inkishofi on numizmathoi rus (az jumla I. I. Tolstoy) khizmati kalon kardaand. Dar taraqiti Numizmatikai sove­ti sahmi V. L. Yanin, A. A. Bikov, I. G. Spasskiy, V. V. Kropotkin va dagaron kalon ast. Ba Numizmatikai Sharq sharqshinosi rus X. D. Freya asos guzoshtaast. Ganr az on ba tadqiqi Numizmatikai Sharq, khususan tangahoi davlathoi Osiyoi Miyona P. S. Savelev, V, G. Tiaengaueen, V. V. Grigorev, A. K, Markov, R. R. Fasmer, P. I. Lerkh, M. E. Masson, E. A. Davidovich, O. I. Smirnova, G. A. Fedorov-Davidov, E. V. Zeyial va digaron hissai arzanda guzoshtaand. Dar Osiyoi Miyona inkishof yoftani arkheologiya ba taraqqiyoti minbadai Numizmatika tasiri kalon rasond.

Dar natijai az tarafi O. I. Smirnova, V. A. Livshis, T. S. Ernazarova va digaron tadqiq karda shudani komlleksi tangahoi az Panjakent, Samarqand, Takhoriston va Istaravshan ba dastomada, sodahoi nav — Numizmatikai Sugd, Takhoriston va Istaravshan ba vujud omadand. Dar Ermita­ji Davlati (Leningrad), muzeyhoi tarikh va sanati tasvirii Mosk­va, instituthoi tarikh  va arkheologiyai AF SSSR va respublikahoi ittifoqi, az jumla Instituti tarikhi AF RSS Tojikiston kolleksiyahoi numizmati­ki jam va tadqiq karda meshavand.

Ad.: S p a s s i i y I. g., Ya n i n V. L., Sovetskaya numizmatika. Bibliograf, ukazatel 1917—60, dar manm.: Numiz­matika i epigrafika, v. 2—3, M., 1960— 92; F e d o r o v-D avidov G. A., Mo­neti rasskazivayut (Numizmatika), M., 1063; Smirnova O. I., Katalog mo­net s gorodisha Pendjikent, M., 1963; Davidovich E. A., Istoriya monetno­go dela v Sredney Azii XVII—XVIII vv., D., 1964; Ernaaarova T. S., Denej­noe obrashenie Samarkanda po arkheolo- go-numiematicheskim dannim do nachala IX veka, dar machm.: Afrasiab, v. 3, Tash­kent, 1974.