Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi

Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi, nazariyaest dar borai sokhti payvast- hoi organiki, tartibi joygirshavii atomho va bandhoi khimiyavi dar mo­lekula, tasiri (mutaqobili atomho, inchunin aloqai sokht va khosiyati fi- zikiyu khimiyavii moddaho.

Prinsiphoi asosii Nazariyai sokhti khimiyaviro avvalin marotiba (1861) A. M. But­lerov bayon kardaast. Ba kashf shudani Nazariyai sokhti khimiya mafhumhoi atomu mole­kula (I860), chorvalenta budani karbon, ki az tarafi F. A. Keokule va A. S. Kuper gufta shuda bud (1857— 1858) asos gardid. Nuqtahoi asosii Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi chuninand: a) dar molekulahoi moddahoi organiki atomho ba tarti­bi muayyan dar asosi valentashon ba ham payvast meshavand, ki in sokhti khimiyavii molekularo muayyan menamoyad; b) khosiyati fiziki va khimiya­vii payvasthoi organiki ham ba tabiatu adadi atomhoi ba tarkibi onho dokhilshavanda va ham ba sokhti khimiyavii molekula vobasta ast; v) baroi har yak formulai empiri ada­di muayyani az jihati nazariyavi imkonpaziri formulai strukturi (izomerho) tartib dodan mumkii ast; g) har yak payvasti organiki yak formulai sokhti khimiyavi dorad, ki on dar borai khosiyathoi payvasti mazkur malumot medihad; d) dar molekulaho tasiri mutaqobili atom­ho (chi atomhoi ba ham payvast va chi atomhoi az ham judo) mavjud ast. Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi baroi fahmidani hodisai izomeriya, ki dar on davra baroi khi­miya mafhum bud, imkon dod. Peshguii Butlerov (1863) oid ba imkonpazirii muayyan namudani joygirshavii fazoii atomho dar molekula isbot gasht. Soli 1874 Ya. Vant-Goff va novobasta az u khimiki fransavi J. Lyo Bel goyai orientasiya i aniqi fa­zoi doshtan va ba qullahoi tetra­edr kashida shudani chor valenti karbonro, ki atomi on dar markaz voqe gashtaast, bayon kardand. Minbad in fikr asosi navi khimiyai organiki — stereokhimiya gardid va baroi fahmidani izomeriyai geometri, optiki, tautomeriya imkon dod. Butlerov durustii nazariyai khudro dar zimni sintez kardani yak qator moddahoi organiki isbot namud. Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi dar sintezi payvasthoi organi­ki va tartib dodani sokhti moddahoi malum qudrati balandi peshgui kardan dosht. Binobar in ham Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi dar taraqqiyoti puravji ilmi khi­miya, az jumla khimiyai organikii sintezi va sanoati khimiyavi mavqe paydo kard. Goyahoi asosii Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi hangomi bo usulhoi khimiyavi, fiziki va matematiki omukhtani payvasthoi organiki isbot gashtand. Dar Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi talimoti tasiri mutaqboili atomho dar molekulai payvasthoi organiki ahamiyati muhim dorad. Nazariyai Butlerov ba nomenklatura va sistemabandii payvasthoi orga­niki asos shud; istifodai formulai strukturii on ham baroi muayyan kardani rohhoi sintezi moddahoi nav va ham dar tartib dodani sokhti payvasthoi murakkab (az jumla tabii) yori merasonad.

Ad.: Butlerov A. M., Soch., g. 1—3, M., 1953—1958; Markovnikov V. V., Izbr. tr., M., 1955; Stoletie teorii khi­micheskogo stroeniya, Sb. statey. M., 1961; Jdanov Yu. A., Teoriya stroeniya orga­nicheskikh soedineniy, M., 1971; Tatevs k i y V. M., Klassicheskaya teoriya strem­leniya molekul i kvantovaya mekhanika, M., 1973.