Nazariyai radikalho

Nazariyai radikalho yake az nazariyahoi asosii khimiyai nimai yakumi asri 19. Asosi onro tasavvuroti A. L. Lavuaze oid ba ahamiyati muhimi oksigen dar khimiya va dukhelagii tarkibi payvasthoi khimiyavi tashkil medihad. Lavuaze (1789) az istilohi radikal (az lot. radix — resha, asos, ki soli 1785 khimiki fransavi A. B. Giton de Morvo taklif kardaast) istifoda burda, izhori aqida kard, ki kislotahoi gayriorganiki az oksigenu radikalhoi sod- da (az yak element) va kislotahoi or­ganiki az radikalhoi murakkabi karbogidridhoyu oksigen iboratand.

Kashfi sian (CN)₂ (J. L. Gey-Lyus­sak, 1815) va monandii bayni sianidho KCN, AgCN, Hg(CN)₂ va khloridho KSl, AgCl, HgCl₂ mavqei mafhumro dar borai radikalhoi murakkab (hamchun guruhhoi atomhoe, ki tagyir nayofta az yak payvast ba payvasti digar meguzarand) qavitar kard. Dar inkishofi minbadai Nazariyai radikalho khi- mikoni nemis Yu. Libikh, F. Vyoler, khimiki fransavi J. Dyuma va digaron sahmi kalon dorand. Soli 1832 Libikh va Vyoler az guruhi atomhoi benzoil S₇N₅O hosil shudani payvasthoi S₇N₅ON (aldegidi benzoi), S₅N₇OSl (khloridi benzoil) va (S₇N₅0)₂O (angidridi benzoy)-ro nishon dodand. Soli 1834 J. Dyuma va E. Peligo baroi CH₃ nomi «metil» (SN₃Sl — khloridi metil, SN₃ON — spirti metil) va Yu. Libikh baroi S₂N₅ nomi «etil» (C₂H₅CI — khloridi etil, S₂N₅ON — spirti etil)-ro dokhil kardand. Solhoi 1840—1850 dar natijai kashf shudani yak qator dalelhoi bo on muqobilhoi Nazariyai radikalhoro navariyai navho shrift. Bo vuqudi on nazariyai mazkur baroi ba vujud omadani naza­riyai sokhti khimiyavi musoidat kard. Nig. niz Radikalhoi ozod.