Navaflotuniya

Navaflotuniya neoplato­nizm, raviyai idealisti va irfoniest dar falsafai atiqai Yunon (asrhoi 3—6). Zaminai ijtimoii paydoishi Navaflotuniya pesh az hama, inqirozi davlati puriqtidori Rim bud. Dar on davr afzudani asorat va noumedi, alalkhusus dar davlathoe, ki zeri itoati Rim budand, nobovariro ba zindagii shakhs va maylu ragbatro ba dinu irfon beshtar namud. Dar barobari in aqidahoi gunoguni dinii sharhi niz dar on davr ba davlati Rim roh yoftand, ki in hodisa boisi omezishi afkor va ja- khonbinihoi mukhtalif gardid. Navaflotuniya mahsuli jahonbini va hayoti mod- diyu manavii hamin davra buda, badtar ba jarayoni qavii falsafi va irfoni tabdil yofta, to asri mo davom yoft. Ba gufti Karl Marks Navaflotuniya az omezishi khayolii talimoti ravoqiyon, epikuriyon va shakkokon bo mazmuni falsafii Aflotunu Aras­tu iborat meboshad (K. Marks i F. Engels, Soch., t. 3, s. 129).

Muassisi maktabi N. Plotin, shogirdi Ammoniy Sakkas bud. Plotin az falsafai Aflotun aqidai oid ba vujudi mahz va az Arastu aqidai abadiyati olam va baze nuqtahoi muhimi pifagoreizm va ravoqiyon, asotirhoi qadima va aqidahoi bobulikhoyu suroniyonro ba hamdigar omezish dod. Tasiri Navaflotuniya ham ba fal­safai Garb va ham falsafai Sharq khele buzurg bud. Hatto dinhoi masehi, islom va yahudi niz az talimoti Navaflotuniya bahramand gardidaand.

Dar mehvari nazariyai falsafi va irfonii Navaflotuniya v o h i d meistod, ki mutarodifi (sinonimi) khudo meboshad. In vujudi haqiqi muvofiqi aqidai payravoni Navaflotuniya sarmaisha va sarogozi tamomi hastii moddi va ruhi bu­da, olamhoi ulviyu sifli va tagayyuru takassur az u ba vujud meoyad. In vohid ba hej chize niyozmand nest va tanho az fayzi u olemi aqli va moddi hasti meyobad. Ba aqidai payravoni Navaflotuniya olam ba tariqi nuzul az vohid ba tadrij ba vositai sudur (emanasiya) ba vujud omadaast.

Az vohid avval aql, bad ruh (nafs), sipas kayhon va modda paydo shudaand.

Vohid (yak) va modda du qutbi muqobil hastand. Vohid az hama guna ziddiyat va hudud (muayyani) ozod buda, zotan vujud dorad va sababi javharii tamomi ajromi samovi va ajsomi zaminist. Vay vujudi mutlaq va mohiyati mohiyathost, baroi tamomi ashyo va hodisot umumi va kulli meboshad.

Aqidai Navaflotun dar borai paydoishi olam irfoni va irratsionali mebo­shad, zero on berun az hama guna harakatu zamon buda, natijai fayzi vohid astu bas. Navaflotun du tariqi marifat — hissiyu aqliro etirof namoyad ham, qisro baroi donishi haqiqi etimodnok namedonad. Vohidi Navaflotun na tavassuti khirad va na ehsosot donista meshavad, vale vay khud tamomi hodisotro dark mekunad. Dialektikai fardu kullro namoyandagoni Navaflotun chunin sharh medodand, ki vohid tajassumi ham ayniyat va ham farqiyat meboshad. U khud ba zoti khesh yagona, ammo dar khesh kullro niz tajassum namudaast, ki dar gayriyati u zohir megardad.

Magzi talimoti Navaflotun dar «Enneadho»-i Plotin bayon shudaast, ki bad az favti u shogirdash Porfi- riy (Farfirius) murattab sokhtaast. Plotin vohidro ba oftob monand mekunad, ki az partavi u zina ba zina aqlu ruh va modda paydo shudaand. Talimoti Navaflotun dar borai munosibati khudovu tabiat muqobili monoteizm bud. Zero harchand, ki Navaflotun vujudi yagonai vohidro etirof mekard, dar ayni zamon baroi rafi farqi mutlaqi khudovu olam kushish menamud va az in roh ba sui pante­izm mayl mekard. Aqidahoi Plotin az tarafi Yamvlikh va makhsusan Prokl ravnaq doda shudand. Prokl fikrhoi Plotinro beshtar suftatar karda ba janbai dialektikai irfonii on ahamiyat dodaast. Muvofiqi ontologiyai Prokl haqiqati mutla- qi ilohi se marhalai inkishof dorad: avval vohid dar khesh zohir me­gardad, soniyan sudur meyobad va savvum ba mabdai khesh barmegardad.

Az tarafi namoyandagoni Navaflotun osori ziyode beshtar dar sharhu tafsiri kitobhoi Aflotunu Arastu talif gardidaand. In sharhu tafsirhoi bo mazotsi navaflotuni navishtashuda, ba zaboni arabi niz tarjuma shuda

budand va faylasufoni arabu forsizabon niz dar asrhoi miyona ta­vassuti onho bo talimoti Aflotu­nu Arastu shinos shudaand va to darajae tahti tasiri Navaflotun qaror giriftaand. Tasiri Navaflotun dar se raviyai mashhuri in davr — mashshoiya tasavvuf va ismoiliya baraloina dida meshavad. Vale mashshoiyon binobar on ki beshtar bo falsafai ta­biat (naturfalsafa) mashgul shu­dand, ba khulosahoi materialisti omada, az irfovi Navaflotun to darajae dur gardidand. Tasiri Navaflotun dar mashsho­iya, pesh az hama dar nazariyai suduri (emanatsiyam) olam az illati av­val dida meshavad. Dar tasavvuf boshad, tasiri Navaflotun beshtar dar panteizmi irfoni mushohida megardad. Maqsadi nihoii solik, ki rasidan va vosil shudan ba haq ast, hamon goyai muhimi falsafai Navaflotun meboshad, ki dar osori Mansuri Halloj, Faridduddini Attor, Jaloluddini Rumi, Abdurrahmoni Jomi, Mirzo Bedil va gayra mavqei muhim dorad.

Aqidahoi panteisti va ratsiovalistii Navaflotun ba mutafakkironi davroni Ehyoi Evropa va idealistoni asrhoi 48—19 niz tasir rasonidaand. Talimoti Nikolai Kuzani, F. Shelling, G. Gegel va hatto tabiatshinosoni mashhuri guzashta J. Bru­no, G. Galiley, G. Leybnits, I. Nyu­ton niz az goyahoi Navaflotun ilhom giriftaand.

Ad.: Istoriya filosofii, t. 1, M., 1940; Istoriya filosofii, t. 1, M., 1957; Losev A. F., Filosofskaya proza ne­oplatonizma, dar kit: Istoriya greches­koy literaturi, t. 3, M., I960; Istoriya antichnoy dialektiki, M., 1972; Asmus V. F., Antichnaya filosofiya, M., 1976.