MUHARRIKI RAKETI

MUHARRIKI RAKETI, yak nav muharriki reaktivist, ki havoi at-mosferaro istifoda namebarad, yagona muharrikest, ki dar kayhonnavardi ba kor meoyad. Az rui namudi energiyae, ki dar muharrik ba energiyai kinetikii jarayoni reaktivi mubaddal megardad, Muharriki raketi ba navhoi zerin judo meshavad: muharrikhoi raketii khimiyavi (MRKh), muharrikhoi raketii yadroi (MRYa) va muharrikhoi raketii elektri (MRE). Dar amaliya aksaran muharrikhoi raketii khimiyaviro istifoda mebarand, ki bo suzishvorii khimiyavi kor mekunad.

Asosan du navi muharrikhoi raketii khimiyavi MRKh mamuland:Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash sakht

(MRSS) va Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash moe (MRSM). Agregati asosii hamaguna muharrikhoi raketii khimiyavi MRKh az kamerai suzish va soploi reaktivi iborat ast (rasm a, b). Dar kamerai s u z i sh ba tufayli re-aksiyahoi khimiyavii oksidshavi suzishvori ba gazhoi nihoyat tafsonu balandfishor tabdil meyobad. In gazho dar soploi reaktivi vase shuda, bo surati kalon berun mebaroyand va dar natija quvvai kashishi reaktivi ba vujud meoyad, yane dar kamerai suzish energiyai khimiyavii suzishvori ba energiyai haroratii gazhoi mahsuli suzish va dar soplo energiyai haroratii in gazho ba energiyai kinetiki mubaddal meshavad.

Skhemahoi muharrikhoi raketi: a— Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash sakht MRSS: 1—qismi peshi muharrik; 2 — kamerai suzishi silindri; 3 — soploi reaktivi; 4 — kanali dokhili andaruni suzishvorii sakht; 5 — suzishvorii sakht; 6 — otashdihak; 7 — sathi suzish.

Quvvai kashishero, ki har yak kg ilogramm gazi az muharrik dar muddati 1 soniya khorijshavanda ba vujud meorad, q u v v a i kashishi kh o s  yo  impulsi khos menomand. Surati khorijshavii gazho az soplo har qadar ziyod boshad, impulsi khos ham hamon qadar meafzoyad (in nishondihanda ba sifati suzishvori vobasta ast). Saromadi hamai muharrikhoi raketi Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash sakht MRSS meboshad, ki asrhoi asr injonib malum ast. Az jumla ustohoi mushaksozi tojik az qadim boz borutro istifoda meburdand (onho shabhoi tuyhoi khalqi hanuz ham cap doda meshavand). Dar tekhnikai mushaksozi avvalho boruti siyoh, badho boruti bedudro kor mefarmudagi shudand. Vaqthoi okhir suzishvorii tarkibash murakkabro istifoda mebarand. Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash sakht MRSS az du qismi asosi iborat ast: tana yo kamerai suzish, ki dar on hamai zakhirai suzishvori joygir meshavad; soploi reaktivi, ki shakli khosa doshta, tavassuti on gazhoi tafsoni mahsuli suzish vase megardand va bo surati kalon berun jori meshavand (rasm, a). Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash sakht MRSS quvvai kashishi barobari sadho tonnaro tamin karda metavonad.

6 — MRM, v- muharrikhoi raketii yadroi MRYa; 1 — baki moei oksid-kunanda; 2 —• baki moei oksidshavanda (moddai suzanda); 3 — baki gidrogeni moe; 4 — nasos, 5 — kamerai suzish; 6 — soploi reaktivi; 7 — baromadgohi gaz az turbina; 8 — turbina; 9 — unsurhoi garmijudokunanda; 10 — milahoi idora; 11 — ekrani muhofiz.

Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash moe MRSM az komiltarin muharrikhoi raketi meboshad. Loihai onro K. E. Siolkovskiy soli 1903 peshnihod karda bud. Nakhustii Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash moe MRSM-i soveti — ORM-1 (quvvai kashishash 20 kilogramm) dar laboratoriyai gazodinamikai Leningrad (GDL) solhoi 1930—31 sokhta shudaast. Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash moe MRSM az kamerai suzish, soploi reaktivi, agregathoi sistemai suzishvori (masalan, nasosho va tajhizoti digar baroi az bakho ba kamerai suzish jori namudani suzishvori), avtomatikai korandozivu bozdori, tanzimi quvvai kashishu masrifi komponenthoi suzishvori, idorai miqdor va samti quvvai kashish va gayra iborat ast. Aksari Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash moe MRSM-i mavjuda bo suzishvorie kor mekunad, ki az du moei gunogun (yakero oksidshavanda, digarero oksidkunanda meguyand) tarkib yoftaast. Odatan onho dar bakhoi alohida nigoh doshta shuda, faqat badi dar kamerai suzish bo ham omekhta shudan reaksiyai suzish surat megirad. Nasoshoi puriqtidor dar 1 soniya chandin tonna suzishvoriro bo fishori baland ba kamera meronand. Impulsi kalon, tanzimshavandagii quvvai kashish, idorashavandagii miqdoru samti quvvai kashish, istifodai bisyorkarata va gayra az afzaliyathoi Muharriki paketii suzishvoriash moe MRSM meboshand.

Dar Muharriki paketii ya d r o i garmie, ki dar reaktorho ba tufayli reaksiyai musalsali porashavii yadro judo meshavad, baroi tafsondani jismi kori — gidrogen sarf megardad; gidrogeni tafson bo surati kalon az soplo berun shuda, quvvai kashishro ba amal meovarad. Dar in nav Muharriki raketi  nazar ba behtarin muharrikhoi raketii khimiyavi MRKh 2—3 marotiba ziyodtar impulsi khosro hosil kardan mumkin ast.

Dar Muharriki paketii elektri miqdori impulsi khosro dahho va hatto sadho marotiba ziyod kardan mumkin ast. Dar muharrikhoi raketii elektri MRE bo vositai energiyai elektri jismi kori to surathoi azim tezonda meshavad, ki in dar muharrikhoi raketii khimiyavi MRKh imkonnopazir ast. Avvalin dar jakhon muharrikhoi raketii elektri MRE dar GDL solhoi 1929—33 sokhta shuda bud.

Holo loihai khelhoi navi Muharriki raketi kashida meshavand. Chunonchy, M.uharriki raketii termoyadroi (dar asosi istifodai energiyai reaksiyahoi termoyadroi kor mekunad), f o to n i (quvvai kashish dar natijai az soplo jorishavii kvanthoi nur, yane fotonho ba vujud meoyad), bodboni oftobi (dar asosi istifodai fishori nuri Oftob amal mekunad). Chunin Muharriki raketi baroi parvozhoi kayhonii baynisayyoravi boyad istifoda shavand.

A. Khojiev.