MONTAJ

MONTAJ dar kino, prosessi ejodi va tekhnikiest dar ofaridani film. Montaj khotimai filmofari buda, hangomi on sahna va kadrhoe, ki dar vaqthoi gunogun (chandin marotiba) ba navor girifta shudaand, intikhob va az rui ssenariya ba ham vasl karda meshavand. Dar ayni hol Montaj sistemai badeist, ki tanosubu rabti dokhilii kadrho, mano va yagonagii tasviru ovoz va digar juziyoti filmro dar bar megirad. Kadrho az rui khususiyatu nishonahoi umumiashon, yane yagonagii zamonu makoni amaliyot, tarhandozii mizanssena, ritmi harakat, khususiyati rushnoi, mazmuni mukolamai qahramonho vasl karda meshavand. Montaj ba hamai unsurhoi film tasir merasonad. Barjasta, obraznok va purtasirii amaliyoti ekrani ba sokhtu usuli Montaj vobasta ast. Montaj az rui goya, mazmun, janri asar va hamchunin fardiyati ejodii rejissyor shaklhoi gunogun megirad. Tahavvuli tarikhii kino va bozyofthoi tekhnikii on:

ovoz, rang, ekrani vase, kamerai harakatash universali va g. mano va usulhoi Montajro digar kardand. Baroi peshrafti nazariyai Montaj arboboni kinoi amerikoi D. U. Griffit, T. Ins va kinoi soveti L. Kuleshov, D. Vertov, V. Pudovkin, S. Eyzenshteyn va digar hissai kalon guzoshtaand. Talimoti S. Eyzenshteyn oid ba Montaj chunnn metodu usulhoi tafsiri kinematografiro, ba misli «montaji intellektuali», «montaji vertikalii (montaji ovozu tasvir), «montaji khromofoni» (Montaji rangu ovoz) va g.-ro dar bar megirad, ki on peshrafti tafakkuri badeiro dar sanati kinoi solhoi 20 va 30 inikos namudaast (mas., mavqei rang dar sokhti Montajii film va g.). Dar sanati kino namudhoi gunogun va rohhoi ziyodi halli Montajii film malum ast, ki mashhurtarinashon inhoyand: Montaji pay dar pay (6 ki musalsal), ki metodi odditarin buda, amaliyoti ekrani dar on az jihati zamon khele tulonist, ammo ba tufayli intikhobi kadru sahnakhho, syujet khele mujaz va pay dar pay dark meshavad; Montaji paralleli, usulest, ki tamoshobinro dar yak lahza az yak makoni voqea ba makoni digar mebarad, yane inkishofi du voqea dar dokhili yak syujet. In namudi Montaj baroi dar ekran kushoda dodani nizoi purshiddat imkoniyat faroham meorad va dar filmhoi sarguzashti beshtar istifoda meshavad; Montaji ofaridgor, bo rohi intikhob va Montaj ba material manoi tamoman nav bakhshidan ast, ki pesh on manoro doro nabud. V. Pudovkin chunin misole meorad: se kadri asrii — chehrai khandoni aktyor, tasviri revolver va chehrai purtarsu bimi hamon aktyor — pay dar pay vasl karda shavad, tamoshobin mepindorand, ki in odam buzdil ast. Agar kadrhoi yakum va seyumro ivaz namoem, pas harakati aktyor qahramoniro ifoda mekunad; Montaji assosiativii obraznok (montaji qiyosi), in usuli montaj khususiyati rassosi doshta, bo rohi qiyos namudani kadrhoi mazmunashon mukhtalif obraz meofarad. Mas., dar kadr odame tasvir yoftaast, ki ba fikr furu raftaast. Bad dar ekran manzarai tiramoh bo abrhoi siyoh namudor megardad. Az muqoisai in du kadr ruhiyai gamangezi odam ehsos meshavad; Montaji ovozivu tasviri, in namudi Montaj pas az ikhtiroi ovoz dar kino ba vujud omada, baroi payvast namudani tasviru ovoz, ki obrazi yagonai badei meofarand, istifoda meshavad; Montaji dokhilikadri, solhoi 40—50 dar kinoi soveti nntishor yofta, onro «aksbardori barobari harakat» niz meguyand. Montaji dokhilikadri hangomi amaliyoti kamera ba vuqu meoyad: kamera az pai obekti tasvir harakat namuda, onro az doirai nazar berun nameguzorad, ba on nazdik yo dur shuda, amaliyot va ruhiyashro aksbardori mekunad. Chunin Montaj makhsusan dar filmhoi rejissyor M. Kalatozov va operator S. Urusevskiy («Turnaho parvoz mekunand», «Man-Kuba» va g.) mavqei muhim dorad. Dar televizion Montaji «lahzagi» mashhur ast, ki asosi onro Montaji kinematografi tashkil medihad va hangomi az joi voqea ba tavri reportaj dodani amaliyot istifoda meshavad. Dar filmhoi hujjati-khronikavi va ilmi-ommavi Montaji tematiki mamul ast, ki on jami faktu dalel, hujjat va materiali voqeiro vobasta ba maqsadi asosii film ba rishta mekashad.

Ad.: Kuleshov L., Osnovi kinorejissuri, M., 1941; hamon muall., Kadr i montaj, M., 1961: Eyzenshteyn S., Iabr. propav, v. v tt., t. 2, M., 1964.

1. Ahpopov.