«MOLNIYa»

«MOLNIYa», nomi yak silsila radifoni masnui Zamin (RMZ), ki dar SSSR baroi retranslyasiyai barnomahoi televizioni, alokai duri telefoniyu telegrafi, inchunin radioaloqai fototelegrafi tain shudaand va ba tarkibi sistemai radioaloqai duri kayhonii «Orbita» dokhiland. Yakchand navi in RMZ-ho («Molniya-1», «Molniya-2», «Molniya-3» va «Molniya-1 S») cap doda meshavand. RMZ-i «M-1» ba tavri muttasil az soli 1965 istifoda meshavand; onho bo retranslyatoron bortie taminand, ki dar diapazoni mavjhoi daroziashon desimetri (800—1000 MG s) kor mekunavd. RMZ-i «M-2» az soli 1971 cap karda, muvofiqi programmai inkishofi minbadai sistemai aloqa bo RMZ cap doda meshavand; onho bo retranslyatorhoi bortie taminand, ki dar diapazoni mavjhoi daroziashon santimetri kor mekunand. RMZ-i «Molniya» ba madorhoi sinkhronii ellipsie barovarda meshavand, ki ekssentrvsiteti kalon dorandu avogeyashov dar boloi Nimkurai shimoli voqe gerdideest. Balandii apogen onho taqriban 40 hazor km, balandii perigeyashon 460—630. km, tamoyuli madorashon nisbat ba hamvorii ekvator 62,8—65,5°, davri gardishashon taqriban 12 solro tashkil medihad. Hangomi mavjudiyati in guna madorho baroi punkthoi aholinishini SSSR va digar mamlakathoi Nimkurai shimoli aloqai davomatashon to 8—10 seans dodan mumkin ast.

Sistemai iborat az se RMZ, ki ba chunin mador barovarda shudaand, aloqai befosilai shaboruziro tamin mekunand. Hangomi cap dodan «Molniya» yakjoya bo zinai okhirini raketai baranda ba madori pasti RMZ peshaki barovarda meshavad; sipas muharriki raketii zinai okhirinro ba kor andokhta, ba zinai okhirin surati ilovagie medihand, ki on baroi ba madori asosi barovardani «Molniya» imkon medihad. Andozahoi «M-1» chuninand: darozi, taqriban 4,4 i, diametri korpus 1,4 m, pahnoii Yakkhelhoi batareyai oftobi 8,6 m. qismi asosii apparatura va tajhizot dar korpusi germeti joygir ast. Sistemai orientasiya dar rafti parvoz ru ba Oftob vigaronyadani batareyhoi oftobi va ba sui Zamin nigaronidani yake az antennahoi paraboliro muttasil tamin mekunad. Baroi tanzimi mavqei khati parvoz nisbat ba madorhoi muayyani Zamin va tagyiri vaqti seanshoi aloqa sistemai korreksiyai mador khizmat mekunad. «Molniya»-ho az 6 paneli batareyahoi oftobi energiya megirand (panelho badi az raketai baranda judo shudan kushoda meshavand). Kompleksi vasilahoi radiotekhnikii borti parametrhoi madorro chen, radioamrhoro az Zamin qabul mekunad va akhbori telemetriro dar borai kori sistemahoi borti ba Zamin mefiristand. Seanshoi aloqa avtomati (az rui amrhoi tajhizoti borti) yo az rui amrhoi bo khati radio az Zamin oyanda idora karda meshavand. Avvalin RMZ az silsilai «M.-1» 25 apreli 1965 cap doda shud. Bo cap doda shudani radifi duyumini silsilai «M-1» (14 oktyabr 1965) istifodai tajribavii sistemai aloqai duri televizioni va telefoni-telegrafii dutarafa ogoz yoft. Radifi seyumi silsilai «M.-1» (25 apreli 1966 cap doda shud) gayr az in, ba tarnoy hamkorii baynalkhalqi baroi mubodilai barnomahoi televizionii bayni Ittifoqi Soveti va Fransiya, az on jumla mubodilai barnomahoi televizioni ranga az rui sistemai «SEKAM», istifoda shud. Bo yorii apparaturahoi televizionii bortie, ki dar RMZ-i «M-1» guzoshta shudaand, az mohi may 1966 cap karda baroi ba dast ovardani informasiyai meteorologi dar borai taqsimoti abrho ba zamin tasvirhoi fotografii az balandihoi 30 hazor km va ziyoda az on giriftashuda ba Zamin firistoda meshavand. Soli 1967 tasviri televizionii rangai Zamin 1 az kayhon hosil karda shud. Soli 1974 I navhoi navi in silsilai RMZ «Molniya» 1 3» va «Molniya-4» cap doda shudand. Perametrhoi madori «Molniya-Z» ba peremetrhoi madori «M.-l» nazdik ast. «M-1S» boshad, madori kvazistesioneri dorad. To 1 yanvari 1981 79-to RMZ-i; silsilai «Molniya» cap doda shudaand, ki aloqa va namoishhoi muntazami televizioniro dar saroseri terr. SSSR va digar mamlakatho tamin mekunand.